• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.242-253
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• 2020

Currently, there is a growing interest among consumers in selecting healthier meat with a greater proportion of essential fatty acids (FA). This experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of different ratios of dietary n-6:n-3 on growth performance, FA profile of longissimus dorsi (LD), relative gene expression of cytokines, meat quality, and blood parameters in finishing pigs. A total of 108 finishing pigs was randomly allotted to three treatments including a control (basal diet) and low ratios (4:1 and 2:1) of n-6:n-3. The 4:1 and 2:1 diets decreased the overall stearic acid in LD. There were reductions in the content of stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, total saturated acid, and n-6:n-3 ratio of LD in pigs fed 4:1 and 2:1 diet compared with the control diet. The 4:1 and 2:1 diets increased the concentration of α-Linolenic acid and polyunsaturated FA in the LD of pigs. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme gene was down-regulated in pigs fed 2:1 diet compared with finishing pigs fed the control or 4:1 diets. The relative expression of hormone-sensitive lipase was increased in pigs fed 2:1 and 4:1 ratio diets. Lower total cholesterol of plasma was observed in finishing pigs fed 2:1 and 4:1 diets. The cooking loss ratio of meat was lower in pigs fed the 2:1 and 4:1 diets compared with the control diet. Pigs fed the 4:1 and 2:1 diets had greater final body weight. In conclusion, the 2:1 and 4:1 diets have the potential to increase the meat quality and growth performance of pigs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.297-306
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• 2005

It is known that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) shows a dual effect, prooxidant or antioxidant, depending on the do-sage or physiological status of animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of DHEA administration at low dose on lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and fatty acid composition in liver. Sprague Dawley male rats were fed either com oil diet containing $15\%$ com oil or fish oil diet containing $2\%$ corn oil + $13\%$ sardine oil, with or without $0.2\%$ DHEA for 9 weeks. Atherogenic index and hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by DHEA administration in rats fed with fish oil diet. Hepatic lipid peroxide product (TBARS) and protein carbonyl levels were significantly higher in rats fed with fish oil diet than in rats fed with corn oil diet. However, DHEA administration significantly reduced the hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and conjugated diene levels in rats fed with fish oil diet. Contents of C16 : 0, C16 : 1, C20 : 5 and C22 : 6 in hepatic microsome were higher in rats fed with fish oil diet than in rats fed with corn oil diet, and contents of C18 : 2 and C20 : 4 were lower than in rats fed with com oil diet. DHEA administration significantly increased C16 : 0 and C18 : 3 contents and reduced C18 : 2 content in rats fed with com oil diet, while it increased C16 : 0 and C18 : 1 and reduced C20 : 5 and C22 : 6 in rats fed with fish oil diet. On overall, DHEA administration increased saturated fatty acid (SFA) and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in hepatic microsome, thereby PUFA/SFA ratio was significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced without the change of n-3/n-6 ratio. Taken together, low dose of DHEA administration lowered PUFA/SFA ratio in hepatic microsomal membranes and also showed antioxidative effect especially in fish oil-induced highly oxidative stress condition through blocking increases of C20 : 5 and C22 : 6 contents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.767-775
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rapeseed and linseed oil supplementations on performance and meat quality of lambs. Methods: The experiment was conducted on 18 growing (100-day-old) lambs of $19.7{\pm}1.9kg$ live weight, assigned to 3 groups of 6 animals each. Control lambs were fed meadow hay and concentrate alone. Experimental animals additionally received rapeseed or linseed oils at a dose of 50 g/d. The lambs were slaughtered at an average body weight of $35.7{\pm}0.5kg$. Results: The dressing percentage was higher in lambs fed rapeseed oil. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C21:0, C24:0 were lower in longissimus dorsi muscle (MLD) in lambs fed linseed oil. Supplementation of diet with linseed oil decreased concentrations of total monounsaturated fatty acids and C16:1, C17:1, C18:1 cis-9 in MLD. The concentrations of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and C18:3 n-3, C20:5 n-3 in MLD were higher in lambs fed linseed oil than in other groups. Oils supplementation to diets resulted in increased concentration of C22:6 n-3 in MLD. The inclusion of linseed oil into the diet increased the contents of total PUFA, n-3 PUFA and C18:3 n-3, C20:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3 in semitendinosus muscle in comparison to control. A tendency towards a lower n:6/n:3 ratio in MLD was observed when lambs were supplemented linseed oil. Conclusion: The supplementation of linseed oil to diets seems to reduce the concentration of SFA and increase the concentration of n-3 PUFA. The n-6/n-3 ratio is an important nutritional factor, and its value has been favorably decreased below 2, thereby achieving an important target related to human health. Due to these changes carcass fatty acid profile was improved, and so enhanced lamb meat healthy properties.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.624-630
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• 1999

In order to investigate the position of various fatty acids attached to glycerol and the specificity of Lipolase-100T, hydrolysis of fish oil was carried out with Lipolase-100T derived from Aspergillus oryzae. The amounts of free fatty acids produced from triglyceride, 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride, 1,3-diglyceride, and 2-monoglyceride and conversion rates of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 1,3-diglyceride and 2-monoglyceride to 1(3)-monoglyceride were also calculated. The ratio of 1,2-diglyceride content to 1,3-diglyceride was higher than 70 in the early period of hydrolysis. The fatty acid content of the glyceride mixture after 72 h of hydrolysis was compared with that of fish oil, and it was found that polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C16:4, C20:4 n-3, C20:5 n-3, C21:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3 and C22:6 n-3 were located in the 2-position of glycerol. Material balance of each component in the hydrolysis system was written to obtain a set of simultaneous linear equations. The theoretical quantity of free fatty acids produced from triglyceride, 1,2-diglyceride, 1,3-diglyceride, and monoglyceride, respectively, were calculated by solving the linear equation system. The conversion rate of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 1,3-diglyceride and that of 2-monoglyceride to 1(3)-monoglyceride were also obtained. The results showed that the migration rate of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 1,3-diglyceride was higher than the hydrolysis rate of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 2-monoglyceride and the conversion rate of 2-monoglyceride to 1(3)-monoglyceride was extremely low.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.783-798
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• 2004

본 시험은 oil 첨가시 알팔파건초를 기질로 하여 반추위 내에서 유리된 지방산과 양이온이 결합하여 형성되는 지방산염, 반추위 발효성상 및 소화율에 미치는 영향에 대하여 살펴보고자 시험을 실시하였다. 면양 3두를 이용하여 $\circled1$ oil 무첨기구, $\circled2$ 대두유 7% 첨기구 및 $\circled3$ 옥수수유 7% 첨가구로 하여 3${\times}$3 라틴방각법으로 수행하였다. 면양에게는 알팔파건초와 농후사료를 70 : 30의 비율로 급여하였다. 위액은 오전사료 급여 전 1시간, 사료 급여 후 1, 3, 6 및 9시간째 채취하였다. pH는 사료급여 후 3시간까지 감소하다가 그 이후에는 증가하였다{P<0.0001). $NH_3$-N는 pH 와는 반대의 경향을 나타내었다(P<0.0001). 총 휘발성 지방산, acetate, propionate 및 butyrate의 농도에는 변화가 없었다. A/P 비율은 배양시간이 증가함에 따라 감소하다가 9시간에서는 사료급여 1시간 수준이었다{P<0.0001). 건물, total-N, 조섬유, 회분, 기용무질소물, NDF 및 ADF의 소화율은 차이가 없었다. FAS의 형성은 사료급여 1시간에 비하여 사료급여 후에 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 대조구에 비해 oil 첨가구가 높았다(P<0.05). 장쇄지방산이 주로 지방산염을 형성하였다. 그래서 oil 첨가가 반추위 발효특생과 소화율에 미치는 유해한 영향을 방지할 수 있었던 것으로 사료 된다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.219-231
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• 2017

본 연구는 지방산 함량 및 배합사료와 조사료 비율을 기초로 한 유기농 사료 급여가 홀스타인 착유우에서 생산된 원유의 CLA 및 지방산 함량에 미치는 연구를 조사하기 위한 목적으로 실시하였다. 총 290두의 홀스타인 착유우를 산차 및 유량에 따라 3개 group으로 나누었다. 대조구는 C16:00, C18:2 그리고 SFA를 높게 설계하였고, 처리구 1은 C18:1, C18:2 그리고 UFA 함량을 높게 설계하였으며 처리구 2는 MUFA, C18:3 그리고 PUFA 함량을 높게 설계하였다. 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 유기농 원유 내 C16:0 함량은 처리구 2에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 그 이유는 반추위 내 미생물의 de novo 생합성 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 처리구 2의 C18:0 함량은 7.92%로 대조구(11.39%)와 처리구 1(10.88%)보다 높았다(p<0.05). CLA 함량도 처리구 2가 처리구 1이나 대조구에 비하여 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 원유 내에서 검출된 대부분의 CLA는 착유우 유선조직내의 ${\Delta}^9$-desaturase에 의하여 합성된 것으로 판단된다. n-3/n-6 비율도 처리구 2에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 본 연구 결과를 종합해 보면, 착유우에게 혼합 목건초 등을 급여하면 CLA, n-3 농도는 증가하며 C18:0 농도는 낮아지는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구는 유기농 인증된 조사료 및 농후사료를 이용하여 결과를 도출하였다. 그러나 유기농 사료를 사용할 경우에만 원유 내 CLA 및 n-3 농도는 증가한다고 볼 수 없다. 원유 내 고농도의 CLA 및 n-3 지방산 생산을 위해서는 반추위 미생물 및 유선세포의 지방 대사를 통한 CLA 생산 메커니즘에 대한 충분한 이해와 급여 사료 내 지방산 구성 등이 중요한 것으로 판단된다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.6-14
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• 2016

The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori has been one of the most important domestic animals which have provided with silk fibers for weaving fabrics and a food for a protein and lipid source. In addition, various health improvement effects of diverse silkworm larval powders were reported. Recently we found that steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powder (SMSP) generated using white-jade (also known as Backokjam) silkworm variety extended healthspan and increased resistance to Parkinson's disease in animal models. Because the colors of cocoons in silkworm varieties were caused by altered signal transduction pathways transporting phytochemicals from intestinal lumens to silk glands, we performed the proximate, amino acid, mineral, carbohydrates, fatty acid, and cholesterol composition analyses of SMSPs of 3 silkworm varieties which were weaving light yellow, golden, and red cocoons. Although most of nutrient compositions among 3 SMSPs were similar, there were significant differences in certain amino acids, minerals, and fatty acid compositions. Red silk silkworm (RS)-SMSP had higher contents of crude proteins and total amino acids than other SMSPs. In addition, the ratio of n-3/n-6 unsaturated fatty acids were higher than the other SMSPs. In contrast Golden silk silkworm (GS)-SMSP had higher ratio of potassium/sodium than the other SMSPs. These nutrient analysis results suggested that 3 SMSPs might have common and unique health improvement effects. Thus, further studies in the functionalities of the 3 SMSPs will reveal unknown their health improvements effects.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.717-724
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• 2013

To characterize the food components of two mussels (wild hard-shelled mussel (HM) Mytilus coruscus, and cultured sea mussel (SM) Mytilus edulis) in Korea, we examined the proximate composition, fatty composition, amino acid/mineral content, texture, collagen content and chemical and taste compounds. Regarding the proximate composition, HM had lower moisture levels and higher crude protein and carbohydrate contents than SM. The amino nitrogen, volatile basic nitrogen and total amino acid contents of HM and SM were 250.6 and 227.3 mg/100 g, 11.2 and 12.0 mg/100 g, and 17,451.1 and 15,334.8 mg/100 g, respectively. The major amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, lysine and arginine. The major fatty acids of HM and SM were 14:0, 16:0, 16:1n-7, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3, which did not differ significantly between the two mussels. HM had a higher n-3 polyene ratio, and a lower saturate and monoene ratio than SM. Regarding the taste-active compounds, the free amino acid contents of HM and SM were 1,116.5 and 961.8 mg/100 g, respectively, and the major free amino acids were taurine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, citrulline, lysine and arginine. The primary minerals in both HM and SM were Na, Cl, K and P which did not differ significantly between the two mussels. The soluble and insolube collagen contents of HM and SM were 265.8 and 228.4 mg/100 g, and 119.5 and 121.8 mg/100 g, respectively.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.11-25
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a composite feed additive (CFA) consisting of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and choline on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat properties of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-two late fattening steers were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups, control (commercial concentrate + rice straw) and treatment (commercial concentrate + rice straw + 50 g of CFA). Average daily gain (ADG) was 4.0% higher in treatment than that in control; however, there was no statistically significant difference. The supplementation of CFA had no effect on overall yield or quality traits of carcass. CFA had no effect on chemical composition, water holding capacity, shear force, cooking loss, or myoglobin values in longissimus muscle; however, the content of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was increased by supplementation of CFA (p < 0.01). The contents of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid and n-3 fatty acids were higher in treatment group than in control (p < 0.01). The ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was decreased by supplementation of CFA (p < 0.01). The supplementation of CFA had no effect on pH or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in longissimus muscle (raw); however, TBARS (cooked) values were lower in treatment group than in control during refrigerated storage (p < 0.01). Thus, the results indicate that the supplementation of CFA (vitamin C + vitamin E + selenium + choline) had some positive effects on the increase in ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and n-3 fatty in longissimus muscle, without any negative effect on growth performance or carcass characteristics of late fattening Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.132-140
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• 2001

The effects of various dietary docosahexaenoix acid(DHA) levels on the brain phospholipids and serum and liver lipid compositions were studied in rats using DHA concentrated oil and corn oil as a control for 4 weeks. Serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels tended to be the lowest by adding 20% DHA to corn oil. Serum triglyceride levels significantly decreased by adding 30% DHA. Liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels were apparently decreased in the groups added above 20% DHA, especially, the lowest at adding 30% DHA. Brain weight and phospholipid content were not different among groups. The ratios of arachidonic to linoleic acids in serum and liver phosphatidylcholine(PC) were significantly decreased by adding dietary DHA and showed a flat form above 20% of dietary DHA. DHA levels of serum PC were gradually increased according to dietary DHA level. The fatty acid compositions of the brain PC and phosphatidylethanolamine(PE) did not appear any changes with accordance of the dietary DHA levels. However, compared with those of serum and liver in general, linoleic and arachidonic acid levels were very low. Oleic acids were apparently higher than those in the other tissues. DHA were higher than those in the other tissues rigardless of the dietary DHA, especially in brain PE. The ratios of arachidonic to linoleic acid were not apparent tendency in brain PC and PE. However, the ratios of brain PE were above 2 times higher than those of brain PC. As the results, the hypolipidemic effects of dietary DNA were remarkable in liver. Especially in regard to tendency of liver lipid levels and desaturation indices in serum and liver PC, the effects indicated significantly higher by adding 20-30% DHA to diet(n-6/n-3 ratio, about 4-7). Thus, in this study, these dietary DHA levels seemed to be appropriate, at least in these lipid paramenters.(Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 132∼140, 2001)