• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.141-145
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• 2012

Zizyphi spinosi semen (Z. spinosi) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and wounds. However, toxicity in high doses was often observed due to the presence of alkaloids. This study was conducted to investigate the potential genotoxicity of Z. spinosi in vitro and in vivo. This was examined by the Bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, Chromosomal aberration was investigated using Chinese hamster lung cells and the micronucleus test using mice. Z. Spinosi did not induce mutagenicity in the Ames test, and it did not produce chromosomal aberration in Chinese hamster lung cells with and without metabolic activation, nor in the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow cells in mice. Based on these results, it is concluded that Z. spinosi does not have mutagenic potential under the conditions examined in each study.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.375-378
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• 1989

The effect of lipid content and saline seasoning on the mutagenicity during the charcoal-broiling Process of beef, Pork and fish samples was examined by Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. Chloroform; methanol(1:1) extract of broiled samples showed a higher sensitive response toward TA98 strain than TA100 strain, indicating a frameshift mutation. The three samples of low lipid content demonstrated a slightly higher mutagenic activity, and the beef and pork samples treated with 20% saline solution showed a remarkable reduction in mutagenicity than the untreated samples.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.285-289
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• 1989

Pontential mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of four steroidal saponins from Smilax china rhizomes were investigated. These saponins did not revealed mutagneicity in the Ames and SOS umu test. For antimutagenic activity by SOS umu test, two spirostanol glycosides, dioscin and gracillin, inhibited the activity of ${\beta}-galactosidase$ induced by AF-2, but their proto-type furostanol glycosides did not show this activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1213-1220
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• 2000

The mutagenicity of the thermally oxidized soybean oils was investigated. Each oil sample was taken after 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 hours of heating at a temperature of $180{\pm}3^{\circ}C$, and was used to study the changes of peroxide value(POV), acid value(AV), iodine value(IV), conjugated dienoic acid content(CDA content, %), and fatty acid composition. Another set of samples was fractionated into non-oxidized and oxidized fractions by column chromatography using silica gel. The mutagenicity of the samples taken from the thermally oxidized oils as well as the non-oxidized and oxidized fractions was investigated with the Ames test. Bacterial tester strains used in the present study were the histidine auxotrophic strains of S. typhimurium TA100, TA1535 and TA 102 for the detection of base pair, and TA98 and TA1537 for frame shift mutations. Each set of samples was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and tested at doses ranging from 0.05 to 5 mg/plate. The oxidized fractions increased significantly the number of $His^+$ revertant colonies of TA100, TA1537 and TA102, thereby showed mutagenic activity on these strains. However none of the oil samples taken within the 48 hours oxidation period showed any mutagenic activity with and without metabolic activation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.217-225
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the genotoxicity in comet and in vitro micronucleus assay and mutagenicity in Ames test of the extracts from leaves and stem of Morus alba L. The samples showed a very weak cytotoxicity on the NIH/3T3 cells by SRB assay. The cell viability of the extracts and fractions from leaves and stems of Morus alba L. was 80% over at $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, and that of the chloroform fractions from leaves and stems showed lower than others. The genotoxicity at $250\;{\mu}g/ml$ of 100% EtOH and water extracts on the NIH/3T3 cells in comet assay was about 40% compared to positive control, and most fractions from 100% EtOH extract of the leaves showed stronger genotoxicity than that offractions from the stem. The genotoxicity with S-9 mix in vitro micronucleus assay of the 100% EtOH and water extracts form Morus alba L. did not indicate any significant difference as compared with control group. The cytokinesis-binucleated cells were showed in the hexan, chloroform, ethylacetate and butanol fractions from the extract of the leaves without S-9, and sample with S-9 showed CB cells in the chloroform fraction from the leaves. In the Ames test, the water and 100% ethanol extracts of Morus alba L. did not have a strong mutagenicity in TA98 and TA100, but the fractions of organic solvents of the ethanol extract had $10{\sim}26%$ of mutagenicity on the TA100 strain.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2003

Antimutagenic effects og Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim. on the mutagenicty induced by mutagens, 4-NQO, MNNG, $\textrm{NaN}_{3}$, 2-NF, and 1-NP was studied by the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The methanol extract ($500\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) of E. senticosus Maxim. showed inhibitory effect on the mutagenicty induced by 1-NP only among the tested mutagens. In S. typhimurium TA98, the methanol extracts of the root, stem and leaf showed inhibitory effects of 54.9, 29.5, and 32.9% inhibition on 1-NP mutagenicity, respectively. In S typhimurium TA100, the methanol extracts of the root, stem, and leaf showed inhibitory effects of 593, 30.2, and 43.6%, respectively. The methanol extract were further fractionated by a subsequent liquid-liquid partition technique with chloroform, butanol, and water. The chloroform ($300\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) fraction of the root, stem and leaf showed the strong antimutagenic effects on the mutagenicity induced by 1-NP in S typhimurium TA98 and TA100. But none or weak antimutagenicities were observed in the butanol and aqueous fraction. The chloroform fractions of root, stem and leaf showed the antimutagenic effects of 61.6~88.6% in a dose-dependent manner. In the antimutagenic mode test, the inhibition effect of root was mainly bio-antimutagenic, whereas stem and leaf were desmutagenic.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1288-1294
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• 1997

For screening antimutagenic effects, the effects of 95 medicinal plants on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin $B_1$ $(AFB_1)$ and benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] were investigated using the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. The mutagenicity induced by $AFB_1$ or B(a)P was reduced over 26% by 2 kinds and 8 kinds of medicinal plant, respectively. Eight plants (Bupleurum falcatum, Corydalis ternata, Gasfrodia elata, Ostericum koreanum, Pinellia ternatia, Poncirus trifoliata, Prunus armeniaca and Rehmannia glutinosa) were also shown to have inhibitory effects on both $AFB_1$ and B(a)P. The mutagenicity induced by $AFB_1$ or B(a)P was increased over 20% by 46 kinds and 2 kinds, respectively, and 8 medicinal plants (Chrysanthemum indicum, Cinnamomum cassia, Cyperus rotundus, Morus bombycis, Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Petasites japonicus, Polygonum multiflorium, Thyja orientalis) increased significantly the mutagenicity of both mutagens. However the 8 plants themself did not show the mutagenicity in SOS Chromotest with S-9 mix alone. This result suggests that the above 8 plants may have the co-mutagenic activities. In two bacterial mutation system, SOS Chromotest and Ames test, the mutagenic or antimutagenic activities of some medicinal plants wire similar except Ostricum koreanum, Eugenia caryophyllata and Scutellaria baicalensis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1532-1537
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• 2010

This study compared the inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from yellow and black soybeans (black soybean, Seomoktae and Seoritae) on mutagenicity using the Ames test and growth of human cancer cells (AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma, HT-29 human colon cancer, Hep 3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells). In the Ames test system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$)-induced mutagenicity was significantly inhibited by treatments with the methanol extracts from either yellow or black soybeans in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). The methanol extracts from various black soybeans tended to have a greater inhibitory effect compared to those from yellow soybeans. As for N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguamidine (MNNG)-induced mutagenicity, the methanol extracts (5 mg/assay) from black soybean, Seomoktae and Seoritae showed 51%, 61% and 53% inhibitory rates, respectively, indicating that Seomoktae, a type of black soybean, had a stronger antimutagenic activity against mutagens (both $AFB_1$ and MNNG). Methanol extracts from black soybeans showed an inhibitory rate of greater than 50% on the growth of human cancer cells (AGS, HT-29 and Hep 3B) and the inhibition was more effective in the methanol extract from Seomoktae. Our results suggested that the methanol extracts from black soybeans showed stronger inhibitory effects on mutagenicity and growth of cancer cells than those from yellow soybean. It is concluded that intake of black soybean can be recommended for improving health.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1879-1887
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• 2013

To investigate the level of genotoxicity over Bangkok atmosphere, $PM_{10}$ samples were collected at the Klongchan Housing Authority (KHA), Nonsree High School (NHS), Watsing High School (WHS), Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), Chokchai 4 Police Station (CPS), Dindaeng Housing Authority (DHA) and Badindecha High School (BHS). For all monitoring stations, each sample covered a period of 24 hours taken at a normal weekday every month from January-December 2006 forming a database of 84 individual air samples (i.e. $12{\times}7=84$). Atmospheric concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs (i.e. phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and fluoranthene) were measured in $PM_{10}$ at seven observatory sites operated by the pollution control department of Thailand (PCD). The mutagenicity of extracts of the samples was compared in Salmonella according to standard Ames test method. The dependence of the effects on sampling time and on sampling location was investigated with the aid of a calculation of mutagenic index (MI). This MI was used to estimate the increase in mutagenicity above background levels (i.e. negative control) at the seven monitoring sites in urban area of Bangkok due to anthropogenic emissions within that area. Applications of the AMES method showed that the average MI of $PM_{10}$ collected at all sampling sites were $1.37{\pm}0.10$ (TA98; +S9), $1.24{\pm}0.08$ (TA98; -S9), $1.45{\pm}0.10$ (TA100; +S9) and $1.30{\pm}0.09$ (TA100; -S9) with relatively less variations. Analytical results reconfirm that the particulate PAH concentrations measured at PCD air quality monitoring stations are moderately low in comparison with previous results observed in other countries. In addition, the concept of incremental lifetime particulate matter exposure (ILPE) was employed to investigate the potential risks of exposure to particulate PAHs in Bangkok atmosphere.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.651-655
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• 2001

To investigate the antimutagenic effect of Platycodon grandiflorum DC, methanol extract of Platycodon grandiflorum DC was investigated. In Ames test, the methanol extract showed inhibitory effects of 80-90% on the mutagenicity induced by indirect mutagen of IQ(2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) and direct mutatgen of MNNG(N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. And then the methanol extract was further fractionated. Among the solvent extracted fractions from the methanol extract, the ethyl acetate fraction and butanol fraction exhibited the greatest antimutagenic effect suppressing the mutagenicity IQ and MNNG with inhibition rate of 99% and 98%.