• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.926-932
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• 2015

This study was conducted to examine the effect of mustard root on the shelf life of kimchi. Ethanol extract was prepared from the mustard root (Brassica juncea) and antimicrobial activities were examined against Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides which are the representative lactic bacteria in kimchi. Growth of lactic bacteria were inhibited by ethanol extract from mustard root and the growth time of Leuconostoc mesenteroides was delayed more than 24 hours compared with that of Lactobacillus plantarum. Also, the fermentative and sensory characteristics of kimchi with mustard root were evaluated during fermentation at $10^{\circ}C$. The pH and acidity was lower than that of the control kimchi and the fermentation period was retarded in proportion to the increase in mustard content. The total numbers of microorganism and lactic bacteria in the control kimchi were higher than those in kimchi with mustard root during fermentation. Leuconostoc sp. in the initial stage of growth was more inhibited than Lactobacillus sp. While the pH of kimchi were in the initial stage, the sensory evaluation score for savory flavors of the kimchi with mustard root was lower than that of control due to bitterness and pungency. But when the pH of kimchi reached the optimum stage, the scores for texture and savory flavor of kimchi with mustard root were higher than that of the control. Then overall quality score for kimchi with mustard root increased as bitterness decreased.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.146-157
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• 2009

The influence of Pb-citrate complex formation on Pb uptake and the effect of Pb on organic acid exudation were investigated using four plant species, viz., sunflower (Helianthus annuus L), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), canola (Brassica napus) and vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) under hydroponic conditions. Seedlings were exposed to different levels of Pb and Pb-citrate for 24 hrs and subsequently Pb distributions in plant shoot, root and hydroponic solution were measured. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration generally decreased as the concentration of Pb in the hydroponic solution increased. In contrast to DOC, the total organic acid concentrations exuded from Indian mustard roots significantly increased (424 to 6656 mg $kg^{-1}$) with increased Pb treatment, implying that exuding organic acids were involved in Pb accumulation in Indian mustard. The complexation of Pb with citrate enhanced Pb accumulation in the above ground portions. Lead concentration in Indian mustard increased from 2.05 mg $kg^{-1}$ to 6.42 mg $kg^{-1}$ when the concentration of citrate in solution increased from 0 to 50 mg $L^{-1}$. This result showed enhanced translocation of Pb from root to shoot with observation of transfer coefficient ($K_t$) increase from 2.03E-3 to 5.72E-3.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.553-558
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• 2015

The aims of this study was to optimize the extraction conditions of sinigrin from Dolsan leaf mustard. Dolsan leaf mustard (Dolsan-eup, Yeosu-si) harvested during at May 2014 was used for sinigrin extraction. After the extraction of sinigrin using 50% $CH_3CN$, 10% $NH_4Cl$, 60% $CH_2OH$, and 70% $CH_3OH$, the sinigrin content was measured by HPLC analysis. The results showed that sinigrin content was highest with 50% $CH_3CN$ solvent extraction and UV detector sensitivity was greater at 228 nm rather than at 242 nm. The sinigrin concentrations of leaf, stem and root with 50% $CH_3CN$ extraction were 345 ppm, 728 ppm, and 539 ppm, respectively. After extraction of the different parts of Dolsan leaf mustard, The standard retention time by HPLC analysis of sinigrin content was 2.054, 2.032, 2.059, and 2.035 min from the root, stalk, and leaf, respectively. On the other hand, HPLC analysis showed that the leaf extracts contained glucoraphanin, one of glucosinolates. The optimum time and extraction solvent for the sinigrin extraction from Dolsan leaf mustard was found to be 24 hr with 50% $CH_3CN$ solvent. In addition, opotimum UV detector k at 228 nm. These results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for Dolsan leaf mustard were 24 hr extraction with 50% $CH_3CN$ solvent. In addition, the optimum wavelength of UV detector was determined to be 228 nm for sinigrin analysis. Therefore, this study could provide a useful information for sinigrin extraction and its systematic analysis during the storage.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.609-617
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• 2021

Background and objective: The nanobubbles remain stable in water, and it increased dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water that promotes the seed germination and the plant growth. We evaluated the seed germination and growth of sprouts (radish, wheat, and barley) and leafy vegetables (red mustard and pak choi) when irrigated with various DO of nanobubble water (NB). Methods: The oxygen NB was generated by surface friction and treated in 4 levels: NB 0% (control, DO 9.21 mg·L^-1), NB 20% (DO 15.40 mg·L^-1), NB 33% (DO 20.93 mg·L^-1), and NB 100% (DO 39.29 mg·L^-1). Results: The root length of radish and wheat increased more in NB 33% than the control plot. The fresh weight increased in NB 33% compared to the control plot in radish and wheat, and both fresh and dry weight increased more in NB 20%, NB 33%, and NB 100% than the control plot of barley. The leaf length and width of red mustard decreased more in NB 33% and NB 100% than the control plot and NB 20%, which indicated the leaf compactness. The fresh and dry weight of shoot and root increased more in NB 100% than the control plot in red mustard. In pak choi, the shoot fresh weight increased more in NB 100% than the control plot. In leafy vegetables, the germination rate of red mustard in NB 100% was higher than the control plot, however, it was not significantly different between oxygen NB plots in sprout vegetables. Conclusion: The results showed that the root growth and biomass increased after applying NB 33% in sprout vegetables. The leaf growth properties as the number of leaves and leaf size were not significantly different or decreased in NB treatments compared to control plots, but NB 100% (DO 39.29 mg·L^-1) effectively increased the root growth and plant biomass in leafy vegetables.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.114-118
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• 2019

Efficient protocol for plant shoot regeneration of Brassica juncea L. CZERN was established by using organic media components and growth stimulating factors of the vermicompost and coelomic fluids. Formulated organic plant tissue culture media (Vermicompost (30%) extracts supplemented with 20 mL/L coelomic fluid) have shown maximum shoot regeneration when compared with the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, which were supplemented with 1 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.1 mg/L of Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Cotyledon explants produced the highest shoot regeneration frequency from fourday-old germinated seedlings in comparison with non-germinated seedlings. The vermicompost extracts have proved to be the best organic plant growth media to induce shoots from cotyledons compared to the MS media. Statistically significant difference (P = 0.008) for the root length, shoot length (P=0.000350) and the leaves (P=0.375) of the mustard plantlets were analyzed successfully. The survival rate was 98% in the mustard cotyledons on the Vermicompost extract media and 63% on MS media respectively. The coelomic fluid also is much suitable to induce shoots from cotyledons at lower concentrations. It was also shown that the vermicompost extract, which comprised of humic acids along with coelomic fluid, affected shoot regeneration from the cotyledons. An efficient and organic shoot regeneration study was standardized and it can be applicable in the improvement of the economically important crops.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.569-577
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• 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the growth of Cichorium intybus, Brassica juncea, and Lactuca sativa at varying seed ratios, and to suggest an efficient management plan for sustainable indoor agriculture systems. It was treated with mixed sowing as follows: 30 chicory seeds (chicory alone: CC), 22 chicory seeds + 8 lettuce seeds (C₃L₁), 20 chicory seeds + 10 lettuce seeds (C₂L₁), 15 chicory seeds + 15 lettuce seeds (C₁L₁) as intraspecies, and 30 mustard seeds (mustard alone: MC), 22 mustard seeds + 8 lettuce seeds (M₃L₁), 20 mustard seeds + 10 lettuce seeds (M₂L₁), 15 mustard seeds + 15 lettuce seeds (M₁L₁) as interspecies. The study identified the competitive response in seed germination between Cichorium intybus and Lactuca sativa, and in the C₃L₁ experimental group, Lactuca sativa had the highest leaf length, root length, chlorophyll content, and fresh weight. Therefore, the higher the ratio of Cichorium intybus, the higher the growth and productivity of Lactuca sativa; however, higher the ratio of Lactuca sativa, the lower the growth of Cichorium intybus. Furthermore, the nitrogen and potassium content in the substrate was the highest in the C₃L₁ experimental grorp which had the highest seeding rate of the Cichorium intybus. Comparing the groups Brassica juncea and Lactuca sativa, the higher the seeding ratio of Lactuca sativa, the higher the growth and productivity of Brassica juncea. Therefore, a companion seeding of Brassica juncea and Lactuca sativa is beneficial; this could be effective in having a high seeding ratio of Lactuca sativa.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1003-1008
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• 2000

Antioxidative activities (AA) of mustard leaf kimchi (MLK) by the addition of optional ingredients among selected minor materials were studied. In order to determine AA of MLK with different spices, the model systems of ground cooked beef with green onion, garlic, and red pepper powder were prepared and stored for 4 weeks at 4$^{\circ}C$. AA of red pepper added group was stronger than those of others. AA of red MLK was relatively higher than that of (green) MLK. For the enhancement of AA of MLK, another model systems were prepared with the selected antioxidative optional ingredients, which were bonnet bellflower root, leek, burdock, sea tangle, sea mustard, seastaghorn at the level of 2% or 4%. The extracts of water, 75% methanol and hexane of MLK, bonnet bellflower root added MLK, and seastaghorn added MLK had a considerable AA with the inhibition of peroxide formation during the autioxidation of linoleic acid mixtures in aqueous model systems at 37$^{\circ}C$. Therefore, AA was more effective in MLK containing specific optional ingredients than that of MLK alone significantly.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.598-607
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake, preference, and utilization of kimchi in female high school students. A questionnaire was used as the instrument of investigation. The subjects were 371 female high school students in Chonbuk province. More than 80% of the subjects had eaten 8 kinds of kimchies Korean cabbage kimchi, cubed radish kimchi, radish leaves kimchi, green onion kimchi, salted cucumber, watery radish kimchi, radish root & leaves kimchi, and Korean wild radish kimchi. The subjects living in urban areas ate more stalk of sweet potato kimchi and leaf mustard kimchi, however the subjects living in rural areas ate more sedum kimchi. The subjects in large families ate more leaf mustard kimchi and sedum kimchi. The preferred kinds of kimchi were radish kimchi, Korean cabbage kimchi, cubed radish kimchi, and cucumber radish kimchi. Seventy-four point four percent of the subjects liked kimchi, whereas 1.6% of them disliked it. The reason eating kimchi was 'custom'(59.0%), 'taste'(30.7%), 'nutrition'(4.3%), 'traditional flod'(2.7%), and 'parents advice'(2.7%). 38.4% of the subjects in urban area ate kimchi for taste whereas 25.0% of them in rural area did. They prefefrred 'well fermented', 'hot', and 'very pungent' kimchi. The preferred dishes made with kimchi were stir-fried rice with kimchi, kimchi stew, pan-fried kimchi, and rice with bean sprouts & kimchi.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 1999

Phytophthora root rot of Chniese cabbage and spinach is reported for the first time in Korea. The diseases ocurred at Yangju, Seosan and Yeocheon in Korea from 1995 through 1998, mainly in lowland and submerged areas. Symptoms consisted of stunt, yellows, wilt and eventual death due to root rot. Fourteen isolates collected from naturally infected plants were all identified as P. drechsleri based on mycological characteristics. PCR-RFLP analysis of rDNA of the isolates confirmed the above result, since the restriction band patterns of the small subunit and internal transcribed spacers were identical to P. drechsleri and P. cryptogea, but distinct from closely related species of P. erythroseptica, P. cambivora, P. sojae and P. megasperma. The pathogen showed strong pathogenicity to Chinese cabbage, moderate to spinach, radish, cabbage and tomato, and weak or none to brown mustard, kale, chicory and pepper in pathogenicity tests.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.294-299
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• 2013

To select resistant vegetables against two species of root-knot nematodes, M. incognita and M. arenaria, 39 vegetables belongs to 7 families, 13 genera, 25 species were screened in greenhouse pot test. Susceptible vegetables to both nematodes were amarath and leaf beet in Amaranthaceae, Malabar spinach in Basellaceae, Moroheiya in Tiliaceae, and Water-convolvulus in Convolvulaceae, Pak-choi in Brassica campestris var. chinensis, Tah tasai in B. campestris var. narinosa, B. campestris var. chinensis x narinosa, Leaf mustard, Mustard green in B. juncea, Kyona in B. juncea var. laciniate, Choy sum in B. rapa subsp. arachinenesis, Kairan in B. oleracea var. alboglabra, Arugula in Eruca sativa, Garland chrysanthemum in Chrysanthemum coronarium, Endive in Cichorium endivia, Artichoke in Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus, Lettuce in Lactuca sativa. Resistant to M. arenaria but susceptible to M. incognita were B. oleracea cv. Matjjang kale, B. oleracea var. gongyloides cv. Jeok kohlrabi, and C. intybus cv. Radicchio. Resistant vegetables to both nematodes were C. intybus cv. Sugar loaf, Grumoro, Radichio treviso, B. oleracea cv. Manchu collard, Super matjjang, B. oleracea italica, B. oleracea var. botrytis italiana, and Perilla in Lamiaceae. Vegetables resistant to both species of root-knot nematodes could be used as high-valued rotation crops in greenhouses where root-knot nematodes are problem.