• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate some morphological characters of fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and to classify the fungus on the bases of the genetic character. Some of the isolates of the fungus which originally have the kidney-shaped fruit bodies produced the antler-shaped fruit bodies on artificial media and the latter characters were inherited. Pattern of the pileus surface and thickness of the pileus of the fruit bodies were also considered to be hereditary. Although morphology of the pileus margin and fruiting mode of the fungus were variable among the isolates, they were greatly influenced by environment conditions. Ganoderma lucidum could be classified into two groups and four strains according to the morphology of the fruit bodies on artificial cultivation media. Electrophoretic patterns of esterase, peroxidase, leucine aminopeptidase(LAP) and proteins of fruit bodies and mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum showed high genetic variation. Isozyme patterns of esterase of the mushroom mycelia were applicable for the classification of strains of the fungus. Patterns of proteins, leucine aminopeptidase and peroxidase did not indicate any genetic relation among the fungus strains.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1984

Some factors affecting the protoplast release from mycelia of Plurotus ostreatus using commercial lytic enzymes were investigated. The highest yields of the protoplast were obtained from four days old mycelia grown in mushroom complete medium. The solution of 0.8M $MgSO_4$, or KCI showed good results as the osmotic stabilizer for releasing the protoplast. Novozym 234 was the most effective among commercials tested. The concentration of the enzyme and pH of the enzyme solution were optimal at 15mg/ml and $5.5{\sim}6.0$ for the protoplast release, respectively. Mycelial digestion was optimal at about $28^{\circ}C$ and was better in the reciprocal shaking bath (75 oscillations/min) than the stationary culture.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2007

The mushroom Lentinus lepideus was used to produce mycelial as well as soluble polysaccharides in bioreactor cultures. To determine optimal submerged culture conditions, both growth characteristics and water soluble polysaccharides production were compared among four different types of bioreactor and culture conditions. For the production of mycelial biomass, the following bioreactors were proven to be effective in decreasing order: an external-loop type air-lift bioreactor (ETAB; 7g/l), a balloon type air bubble bioreactor (BTBB; 6.2g/l), a stirrer type bioreactor (STB; 6g/l), and a column type air bubble bioreactor (CTBB; 5g/l). Maxiaml production of water soluble exopolysaccharides (EPS; 0.62g/l) and endopolysaccharides (PPS; 7.7%) could also be obtained from BTBB. The mycelial biomass increased with increase in glucose concentration from 15g/l to 75g/l in the media. In contrast, PPS contents in the cells decreased with increase in glucose concentration in the media, showing the highest PPS content (7%) at 15g/l. Among different medium feeding types, fed-batch culture based on concentration control in media (10g/l) produced higher mycelia than fed-batch culture based on volume control of media (5.8g/l) or batch culture (3.4g/l). EPS production was also higher in fed-batch culture based on medium concentration control than that in other feeding types.

• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.226-229
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• 2007

To produce fruiting bodies of Oudemansiella mucida, porcelain fungus, on the oak sawdust medium, additives suitable for the mycelial growth and fruiting body formation were screened. In general, the mycelial growth of the three strains of O. mucida used in this study have been good on oak sawdust mixed rice bran of $20{\sim}30%$. The mycelia incubated in potato dextrose broth for 7 days were inoculated on oak sawdust medium supplemented with various ratios of rice bran and incubated for 30 days at $25^{\circ}C$ in the dark condition until the mycelia of O. mucida fully colonized the media from top to bottom. Then, top surface of the media in the bottles were horizontally scratched with a spatula and filled with tap water for 3 hours. To induce the primordial formation of O. mucida, the bottles were transferred to the mushroom cultivating room under 12 hrs of light (350 lux) and dark condition with relative humidity of 95% at $17^{\circ}C$. The primordia of O. mucida were formed on the surface of oak sawdust media after 7 days of incubation. The mature fruiting bodies were observed 5 days after primordial formation. The fruiting bodies O. mucida were formed on oak sawdust medium mixed with 5 to 30% rice bran. However, abundant fruiting-bodies of O. mucida were produced in oak sawdust medium supplemented with 20% rice bran. This is the first report associated with an artificial fruiting body production of O. mucida in Korea.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.228-234
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• 2006

The culture conditions were investigated to maximize the production of laccase from Fomitella fraxinea mycelia. Among the tested media, mushroom complete medium (MCM) showed the highest production of the enzyme. The optimum culture medium was 2% dextrose, 0.4% $(NH_4)_{2}HPO_4$, 0.05% $Na_{2}HPO_{4}{\cdot}7H_{2}O$, and 0.05% KCl as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and inorganic salt sources respectively. SDS-PAGE followed by laccase activity staining using 2,6-djmethoxyphenol as the substrate was performed to identify the laccase activity under culture conditions studied. Zymogram analysis of the culture supernatant showed a laccase band with a molecular mass of 50 kDa. The enzyme production from F. fraxinea was reached to the highest level after the cultivation for 10 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and initial pH 8. The enzyme activity of the culture supernatant was most active at $50^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate extracts from mixed culture of Oriental medicines and cereal medium and mycelia of Trichloma matsutake and Cordyceps militaris by fermentation to develop new material for pharmaceutical products and medicinal food, Methods : To evaluate physiological activities of OCM extracts, we examined antioxidant activity(total polyphenol contents, electronic donating ability, SOD-like activity), ${\beta}$-glucan contents, nitric oxide production and cytotoxicity by MTT assay. Results : Total polyphenol contents of fermented OCM(UF) and non-fermented OCM(UM) extracts were more than 40% UM and UF of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 25.67%, 23.43% respectively. Total polyphenol content of non-fermented extract (UME) was 12.57%, while that of fermented extract(UFE) was 7.05%. SOD like activity showed UM 85.35%, UF 76.18%, UME 58.42%, UFE 72.21%. UME, and UFE 31.43%, ${\beta}$-glucan contents of UME and UFE were more than 40%. NO productions of UME, and UFE showed a LPS dose dependent tendency. Cytotoxicity on Raw 264.7 cell showed more than 90% viability. Inhibitory effect of UFE on HT1080 cell growth was higher than UME. Conclusions : These results showed that extracts from mixed culture of mushroom mycelium and OCM have physiological activities which can be used in pharmaceutical products and medicinal food.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2011

To produce the functional food materials, 50 kinds of the mycelial extracts from edible mushroom were examined for anticoagulant activity and Phellinus linteus showed the highest activity through the activated partial thromboplastin test (aPTT). The maximum production of anticoagulant activity and the mycelial growth was observed in culture medium containing soluble starch 3.0%, peptone 0.1%, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O^{\circ}C$ 0.1%, $K_2HPO_4$ 0.1% and in the culture conditions controlled at initial pH 7.0, $30^{\circ}C$ and 150 rpm by the rotary shaker. In addition, the maximum production of mycelial dry weight was 7.5 mg/mL after 10 days under the optimal conditions, and anticoagulant activity was reached to 390 sec in 5 L-jar fermentor.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of Salix gracilistyla production for cosmetic use through mycelial fermentation. The efficacy of this method was confirmed by fermentation using the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum (a representative medicinal mushroom). Total polyphenol and flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of S. gracilistyla extract (SGE) were found to be higher than those of G. lucidum fermented S. gracilistyla extract (GLSGE). GLSGE had relatively lower collagenase activity than SGE. However, GLSGE increased HDFn cell viability more potently than SGE, and increased the biosynthesis of type I procollagen. Thus, GLSGE could be used as an anti-aging cosmetic active ingredient. These results indicate that extract fermentation using G. lucidum mycelia can effectively enhance some beneficial effects of functional materials.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1984

The mycelial growth of some mushrooms was inhibited by benomyl treatment. The $ED_{50}$ of benomyl to that of Pleurotus spp., Agaricus bisporus and Flammulina velutipes was 25ppm, 50ppm and 200ppm, respectively, which indicates the former was the most sensitive to the fungicide. The mycelial growth of mushrooms growing on artificial media amended by benomyl was increased when they were cultured successively 5 times and 10 times on the media. The increasing rate of that of each mushroom was the highest at the concentration of $ED_{50}$ of benomyl. The mycelial growth of P. ostreatus was increased progressively as the number of successive culturing increased, while that of P. florida and A. bisporus was increased until they were cultured successively up to 5 times and 7 times, respectively, but they were decreased after that. Mutant sectors of mycelia were induced by successive treatment of benomyl. Mutant sectors of P. ostreatus appeared earlier than those of P. florida and all of them were induced earlier on the media of low contration of benomyl than on that of high concentration. The mycelia of mutant sectors induced by benomyl treatment grow faster than those of mother colony treated with benomyl successively, but there was no difference in resistance against the fungicide between them. The increase of mycelial growth of the mushrooms culturing successively on media containing benomyl indicated that they might obtain the resistance against benomyl.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.286-294
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of enhancing the functional compounds in apple and pear pomace (APP) by fermentation with mycelia from the mushroom Lentinula edodes. A 30% (w/v) APP with added rice bran and Biji was fermented with L. edodes at $24^{\circ}C$ and 80% humidity. The cellulase and pectinase activities in the fermented APP (FAPP) were higher than those in the non-fermented control. In addition, the physiological activities of the FAPP, including DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and SOD-like activity, as well as the total polyphenol and ${\beta}-glucan$ contents were higher than those in the control. FAPP treatment significantly reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) levels in Raw 264.7 cell. Therefore, FAPP treatment was considered to more effectively suppress cell injury caused by inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of LPS-induced NO production. These results suggest that the levels of functional components in APP can be increased by fermentation with this mushroom mycelium. However, further studies are needed before it can be used as a functional material.