• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 1996

Small GTP-binding proteins are divided into three major group: Ras, Rho and Ypt/Rab. They have the conserved regions designed G1 to G5 that are critical in GDP/GTP exchange, GTP-induced conformational change and GTP hydrolysis. We isolated and characterized genomic DNA or cDNAfragments encoding G1 to G3 domains of small GTP-binding protein Rab and Rho from several plant species using two different PCR-based cloning strategies. Seven rab DNA fragments were isolated from 4 different plants, mung-bean, tobacco, rice and pepper using two degenerate primers corresponding to the GTP-binding domain G1 and G3 in small GTP-binding proteins. The amino acid sequences among these rab DNA fragments and other known small GTP-binding proteins shows that they belong to the Ypt/Rab family. Six rho DNA fragments were isolated from 5 different plants, mung-bean, rice, Arabidopsis, Allium and Gonyaulax using the nested PCR method that involves four degenerate primers corresponding to the GTP-binding domain G1, G3 and G4. The rho DNA fragments cloned show more than 90% homology to each other. Sequence comparison between plant and other known Rho family genes suggests that they are closely related (67 to 82% amino acid identity). Sequence analysis and southern blot analysis of rab and rho in mung-bean suggest than thses genes are encoded by multigene family in mung-bean.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 1998

The final step in ethylene biosynthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase. ACC oxidase was extracted from mung bean hypocotyls and its biochemical characteristics were determined. In vitro ACC oxidase activity required ascorbate and $Fe^{2+}$, and was enhanced by sodium bicarbonate. Maximum specific activity (approximately 20 nl ethylene $h^{-1}$ mg $protein^{-1}$) was obtained in an assay medium containing 100 mM MOPS (pH 7.5), $25\;{\mu}M$ $FeSO_4$, 6 mM sodium ascorbate, 1 mM ACC, 5 mM sodium bicarbonate and 10% glycerol. The apparent $K_m$ for ACC was $80{\pm}3\;{\mu}M$. Pretreating mung bean hypocotyls with ethylene increased in vitro ACC oxidase activity twofold. ACC oxidase activity was strongly inhibited by metal ions such as $Co^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$, and by salicylic acid. Inactivation of ACC oxidase by salicylic acid could be overcome by increasing the $Fe^{2+}$ concentration of the assay medium. The possible mode of inhibition of ACC oxidase activity by salicylic acid is discussed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.943-949
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of mung bean starch jellies prepared with additions of white lotus steam juice at differing levels (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 mL). The proximate composition of the lotus steam juice was $96.37{\pm}0.04\;g/100\;g$ for moisture, $0.75{\pm}0.01\;g/100\;g$ for crude protein, $0.24{\pm}0.01\;g/100\;g$ for crude fat, and $1.90{\pm}0.07\;g/100\;g$ for crude ash. As the level of lotus steam juice increased, the moisture contents and, L, a and b values of the jellies increased (p<0.05). However, the L value of the WSL8 group did not differ significantly. According to the mechanical evaluation results, hardness values of the WSL4 and WSL6 groups were increased (p<0.05), whereas, cohesiveness, gumminess and adhesiveness were not significantly different among the groups. Springiness was higher (p<0.05) in the WSL8 group compared to the other groups, and, chewiness was higher (p<0.05) in the WLS6, and WSL8 groups than in the WSL2 group. According to the sensory evaluations, the mung bean starch jellies prepared with 4~6 mL of lotus steam juice received the highest preference scores and were therefore chosen as optimal products.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 1995

Developmental changes of chlorophyll-protein complexes (CPs) and plastid membrane proteins in greening mung bean cotyledons and the effect of spermine therein were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The changes in the amounts of CPs became larger with the progress of greening and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) was the main CP in the early greening stage up to f h. As the greening proceeded, chlorophyll-protein of the photosystem I (CPI) accumulated. Application of spermine were effective in accumulating CPs of the thylakoid membrane in the early phase of greening. In the profiles of the plastid membrane proteins, quantitative and qualitative changes were observed with the onset of greening up to 72 h. 56 kD protein of major intensity was observed in all greened chloroplasts and 24 kD protein increased remarkablly in both control and spermine-treated cotyledons. The thylakoids from spermine-treated cotyledons showed hither amounts of thylakoid proteins as compared to the controls. The results suggest that spermine may play a role in the regulation of plastid development and stabilizes the membrane function during greening.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.33-33
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• 1995

Developmental changes of chlorophyll-protein complexes (CPs) and plastid membrane proteins in greening mung bean cotyledons and the effect of spermine therein were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The changes in the amounts of CPs became larger with the progress of greening and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) was the main CP in the early greening stage up to f h. As the greening proceeded, chlorophyll-protein of the photosystem I (CPI) accumulated. Application of spermine were effective in accumulating CPs of the thylakoid membrane in the early phase of greening. In the profiles of the plastid membrane proteins, quantitative and qualitative changes were observed with the onset of greening up to 72 h. 56 kD protein of major intensity was observed in all greened chloroplasts and 24 kD protein increased remarkablly in both control and spermine-treated cotyledons. The thylakoids from spermine-treated cotyledons showed hither amounts of thylakoid proteins as compared to the controls. The results suggest that spermine may play a role in the regulation of plastid development and stabilizes the membrane function during greening.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.871-881
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• 2012

To compare the physicochemical and gel properties of mung bean starches prepared by different purification methods, starches from Korean Eohul variety and Chinese mung bean (MB) with or without hull using alkaline solution or water as solvent were purified. The optimum conditions for making muk were investigated. Apparent amylose and total dietary fiber contents, water binding capacity, solubility and pasting properties by RVA were analyzed. The characteristics of starch gels (10% dry basis) were measured for 0 and 4 day stored at $4^{\circ}C$. The protein and ash contents were significantly different (p<0.05) and lowered in starch from dehulled MB using alkaline solution. The starches from dehulled MB using alkaline solution showed the lowest color differences. Apparent amylose contents of Eohul and Chinese starches showed 37.06-39.03% and 31.57-32.74%, respectively. Chinese starch was higher in water binding capacity but lower in solubility at $85^{\circ}C$ than others. Peak, trough, cold, and breakdown viscosities of Eohul starch were higher than those of Chinese one. Mung bean starch gel made immediately exhibited clear and glossy appearance but became whiter like milk. The crystallinities of starch and starch gel showed A and B types, respectively. The hardness, gumminess, and resilience of starch gel made immediately and hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and resilience of 4 day stored gels were different significantly (p<0.05). Especially, Eohul starch gels purified from hulled MB showed higher resilience (bending property) and hardness. Therefore, it was suggested that high quality muk would be made using MB starch purified from hulled Korean mung bean using water as solvent.decreased in contain more than 20% of SGP added groups. The optimal concentration of SGP was found in the range of less than 10%.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.146-152
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• 1981

The proximate compositions, fatty acids, and amino acids of mung bean(Phaseouls aureus) were determind: 1. The proximate compositions of mung bean were 24.80% crude protein, 4.75% crude fiber, 4.75% crude ash, 46.03% carbohydrate and 0.82% fat. 2. Saponification number, iodine number and non-saponifiable content of the lipids extracted from mung bean were 154.99, 117.05 and 14.83% respectively 3. The protein of mung bean was composed of glutamic acid (15.92%) and aspartic acid (12.09%) as major amino acids and considerable amounts of leucine (8.19%), arginine(7.31%) and pheylalanine (6.41%). The essential amino acid content including lysine(8.3%), threonine (3.5%) and tyrosine (2.83%) was higher than those of rice and barley which are deficient in those amino acids. 4. The lipids were composed of 35.5% linoleic acid, 15.5% linolenic acid and palmitic acid, 37% stearic acid, 5% oleic acid as major components, and 0.4% myristic acid, 1.0% arachidonic acid and 1.2% behenic acid as minor components. The saturated and unsaturated fatty acid ratio of oil extracted with di-ethyl ether from mung bean was $42{\sim}43/57{\sim}58%$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 1989

Changes of protein contents and amino acid composition and SDS-PAGE pattern of protein of mung bean which were germinated in dark at $25^{\circ}C$ for 6 day. The total protein contents gradually decreased during germination and the contents of each fractionative soluble proteins were increased shortly after the soaking of mung bean and gradually decreased during the germination afterwards. SDS-PAGE of albumin fraction showed 18 bands, and during the germination the most of bands were diminished or disappeared. But protein bands at 24,000, 40,000, 45,000, 70,000 dalton position remained until 6th day of germination. SDS-PAGE of globulin fraction showed 6 discrete bands, and during the germination the protein band at 45,000 dalton position disappeard. But the protein bands at $14,000{\sim}25,000$ dalton position did not change during the period. SDS-PAGE of glutelin fraction showed 10 discrete bands, and during the germination the bands of $45,000{\sim}70,000$ dalton become diminished or disappeared. But the bands of 30,000, 60,000 dalton did not change throughout the germination period.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 1995

The alkaline invertase ($\beta$-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) was isolated and characterized from the hypocotyls of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.). The enzyme was purified by consecutive step using diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose anion exchange, 1st Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephadex A50 and 2nd Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The overall purification was about 77-fold with a yield of about 6%. The finally purified enzyme exhibited a specific activity of about 48 $\mu$mol of glucose produced mg-1 protein min-1 at pH 7.0 and appeared to be a single protein by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The enzyme had the native molecular weight of 450 kD and subunits molecular weight of 63 kD and 38 kD as estimated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and SDS-PAGE, respectively, suggesting that the enzyme is a heteromultimeric protein composed of two types of subunits. On the other hand, the enzyme appeared to be not a glycoprotein according to the results of Con A chromatography and glycoprotein staining. The enzyme had a Km for sucrose of 19.7 mM at pH 7.0 and maximum activity around pH 7.5. The enzyme was most active with sucrose as substrate, compared to raffinose, cellobiose, maltose and lactose. These results indicate the alkaline invertase is a $\beta$-fructofuranosidase.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2010

Kjeldahl method used in many materials from various plant parts to determine protein contents, is laborious and time-consuming and utilizes hazardous chemicals. Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, a rapid and environmentally benign technique, was investigated as a potential method for the prediction of protein content. Near-infrared reflectance spectra(1100-2400 nm) of coarse cereal grains(n=100 for each germplasm) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer as both of grain itself and flour ground, and total protein contents determined according to Kjeldahl method. Using multivariate analysis, a modified partial least-squares model was developed for prediction of protein contents. The model had a multiple coefficient of determination of 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.96 and 0.99 for foxtail millet, sorghum, millet, adzuki bean and mung bean germplasm, respectively. The model was tested with independent validation samples (n=10 for each germplasm). All samples were predicted with the coefficient of determination of 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.91 and 0.99 for foxtail millet, sorghum, millet, adzuki bean and mung bean germplasm, respectively. The results indicate that NIR reflectance spectroscopy is an accurate and efficient tool for determining protein content of diverse coarse cereal germplasm for nutrition labeling of nutritional value. On the other hands appropriate condition of cereal material to predict protein using NIR was flour condition of grains.