• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2013

연구에서는 백삼이나 홍삼의 기억력 개선 효과 연구를 기초로 흑삼의 기억력 개선효과 여부를 판단하고자 scopolamine으로 유도된 시험동물에게 7주간 시료 물질(백삼, WG; 홍삼, RG; 흑삼, BG) 추출액을 투여한 후, 행동학적인 평가 및 뇌 조직 내 malondialdehyde 농도, ChAT 활성 변화를 비교 분석하여 기억력 및 학습능력 손상에 대한 개선효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 수동회피시험에서 BG군과 RG군의 latency time이 scopolamine 투여한 PC군(positive control)에 비해서 유의적으로 길어지는 결과를 나타냈다. 수중미로시험에서도 BG군과 RG군의 scopolamine에 의한 기억 손상이 유의적으로 개선되어 NC군의 escape latency 수준 정도로 낮아짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 probe test에서도 BG군과 RG군에서 장기 기억력 손상이 유의적으로 개선됨이 확인되었다. BG군과 RG군의 뇌조직 ChAT 효소 활성은 PC군에 비해 각각 42%, 71% 수준의 유의성 있는 활성증가를 보였다. 지질 과산화도 malondialdehyde 측정 결과에서 PC군 대비 RG군과 BG군에서 각각 37%, 33% 수준의 유의성 있는 감소를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면 시험물질 가운데 흑삼의 반복 경구투여는 scopolamine으로 유도된 흰쥐에서 기억력 감퇴를 개선하는 데 가장 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 1997

범발성 혈관내 응고증은 패혈증 환자들에 있어 빈번히 발생하며 여러 가지 위급한 질병 상태에 관계하는 병리학적 상황이다. 범발성 혈관내 응고증은 기존의 복잡한 임상 상황을 더욱 어렵게 만들어서 높은 사망률의 원인이 된다. 그럼에도 불구하고 그것의 병인적 기전들은 완전히 규명되지 않았다. 본 연구는 범발성 혈관내 응고증의 발생에 관여하는 병인적 기전들의 이해를 위해 전향적으로 계획되었다. 15마리의 쥐를 대상으로 해서 연구목적에 따라 세 군으로 나누었다：I 군은 대조군으로서 내독소를 투여하지 않은 쥐들이고 (n=5), II 군은 내독소 투여 후 12시간이 경과한 쥐들이며 (n=5), III군은 내독소 투여 후 24시간이 경과한 쥐들이었다 (n=5). 실험적 범발성 혈관내 응고증은 일정량의 내 독소를 한번에 투여하여 유도하였다 (1mg/kg, E. coli serotype 055:B5). 실험대상 쥐들의 심장으로부터 직접 채혈하여 혈소판수, 섬유소원 농도, plasminogen 농도, 항트롬빈 III 농도, D-dimer, 보체성분 (C3 및 C4)을 측정하였다. 내독소를 투여한 II 군과 III 군에 있어 혈소판수, 섬유소원 (III 군의 경우는 오히려 증가), plasminogen, 항트롬빈 III, 그리고 C3등의 혈중 농도들이 대체로 감소하였고 D-dimer 농도는 증가함으로써 명백한 범발성 혈관내 응고증이 관찰되었다. 본 연구 결과들은 내독소에 의해 응고계, 섬유소용해계, 그리고 보체계와 같은 여러경로의 활성화가 유도될 수 있으며, 이로해서 범발성 혈관내 응고증 및 이차적인 중복 장기기능 부전이 발생하리라는 점을 시사하고 있다. 결국, 이와같은 실험적인 내독소 유도 범발성 혈관내 응고증에 있어 응고계 및 섬유소 용해계의 활성을 일으키는 다양한 기전에 관한 축척된 지식들은 그와 같은 질병의 예방 혹은 치료방법을 제공해 줄 것이다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2013

Objectives The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of Ojeoksangamibang ($W\check{u}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) extract on recovery of liver function in carbontetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-exposed rat. Methods Male rats weighing $230{\pm}7.21g$ fed experimental diet for 1 week and 28 rats were divided into 4 groups. Each of 7 rats was devided into a control group and experimental groups. We fed a control group of rats a basal diet and administered normal saline (100 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 3 weeks. And we fed each experimental group of rats basal diet and administered an extract of Ojeoksangamibang extracts (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 3 weeks. We measured lipid of plasma and liver, concentration of proinflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-10). Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test with significance level at p<0.05. Results Plasma a-fetoprotein (AFP) and total protein concentration showed a tendency to decrease in Ojeoksangamibang extract-treated groups. However, plasma albumin concentration showed no significant differences in all treatment groups. Activity of plasma Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the Ojeoksangamibang extract-treated groups, increased addition amount of Ojeoksangamibang extracts tended to decline. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transferase (${\gamma}$-GT) activities showed a tendency to decrease in Ojeoksangamibang extract-treated groups, increased addition amount of Ojeoksangamibang extracts tended to decline. Concentration of plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol showed a lower value than that of control group. The liver $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ concentration were decreased, and IL-10 was increased in Ojeoksangamibang extract groups, compared to control group. Plasma $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ concentration were decreased, and IL-10 was increased in Ojeoksangamibang extract groups, compared to control group. Conclusions This study suggested that Ojeoksangamibang may alleviate liver inflammatory reaction induced by liver toxicity.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.106-120
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• 2010

Objectives: Sanjointang has been clinically used much for treating sleeplessness. However, the effects of Sanjointang in artificial sleep deprivation situations are not known. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular diastolic pressure, +dp/dt maximum, -dp/dt maximum, and -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio which are related to the hemodynamic functions of the heart by using sleep-deprived Sparague-Dawley rats, in order to clarify the impact of Sanjointang on hemodynamic functions of the heart of sleep deprived rats. Methods: Eighteen hearts were removed from the male Sparague-Dawley rats weighting about 180g were perfused by the Langendorff technique with modified 37 Krebs-Henseleit's buffer solution at a constant perfusion pressure (60mmHg). They were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups, 1) Normal group (those which did not have sleep deprivation and received normal saline administration), 2) Control group (sleep deprived and normal saline administered), 3) Sample group (sleep deprived and Sanjointang was administered). Control and sample groups rats were deprived 96 hours of sleep by using the modified multiple platform technique. Heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular diastolic pressure, +dp/dt maximum, -dp/dt maximum, -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio were evaluated at baseline after the administration of either normal saline or Sanjointang. Results: The heart rate and -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio was significantly decreased in rats with 96 hours of sleep deprived significantly decreased. The change in the heart rate after administering Sanjointang did not show any significant difference. The left ventricular systolic pressure of the removed heart significantly decreased due to Sanjointang administration, while the left ventricular diastolic pressure significantly increased (p<0.05). The +dp/dt maximum and -dp/dt maximum both significantly decreased in the removed heart after administering Sanjointang. (p<0.05). There was no significant difference observed in the -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio after administering Sanjointang. Conclusions: According to the results above, sleep deprivation significantly decreases heart rate and -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio. This is considered as a result of exhaustion due to accumulation of fatigue. Meanwhile, Sanjointang reduced left ventricular systolic pressure and raised left ventricular diastolic pressure, and relieved the contractility and relaxation of the myocardium. Consequently, this reduces the burden of the heart and creates a relatively stabilized heart condition similar to a sleeping condition.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2008

Purpose: Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells(hATSCs) can be differentiated into multiple mesenchymal lineages, including bone, cartilage, and muscle. And growth hormone play important roles in the normal growth and development of the CNS. In this study, we explored whether the transplanted hATSCs and growth hormones could improve functional recoveries from rats with contusive spinal cord injury. Methods: We divided 30 female rats, which were subjected to a weight driven implant spinal cord injury, into 3 groups with 10 rats each; Group A as a control group, group B with hATSCs transplantation on injured region, and group C with hATSCs transplantation and GH administration for 7 days. Then, we researched their neurologic functional recoveries before and 2, 4, and 8 weeks after transplantation using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale. And we checked Y-chromosome positive cells by FISH(Fluorescent in situ hybridization) to identify the survival of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells. Results: After 4 weeks of transplantation, the group B and group C showed significant improvement of neurologic function on BBB locomotor rating scale in comparison with the group A(Group A: $13.1{\pm}0.58$, Group B: $14.6{\pm}0.69$, Group C: $14.9{\pm}0.56$). Moreover, the group C displayed meaningful recovery of neurologic function after 8 weeks in comparison with group B (Group B: $15.7{\pm}0.63$, Group C: $16.5{\pm}1.14$). The group A, the control one, improved for 5 weeks after injury, and had no more recovery. On the other hand, Group B and C showed the improvement of neurologic function continuously for 9 weeks after injury. Conclusion: In this study, we found out that hATSCs transplantation have an effect on neurologic functional recovery of spinal cord injured rat and GH injection seems to bring the synergistic results on this good tendency.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.117-128
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• 1997

Using barrier membrane, guided bone regeneration(GBR) and guided tissue regeneration(GTR) of periodontal tissue are now widely studied and good results were reported. In bone regeneration, not all cases gained good results and in some cases using GTR, bone were less regenerated than that of control. The purpose of this study is to search for the method to improve the success rate of GBR and GTR by examination of the cause of the failure. For these study, rats and beagle dogs were used. In rat study, 5mm diameter round hole was made on parietal bone of the rat and 10mm diameter of bioresorbable membrane was placed on the bone defects and sutured. In 1 ,2, 4 weeks later, the rats were sacrificed and Masson-Trichrome staining was done and inspected under light microscope for guided bone regeneration. In dog study, $3{\times}4mm^2$ Grade III furcation defect was made at the 3rd and 1th premolar on mandible of 6 beagle dogs. The defects were covered by bioresorbable membrane extending 2-3mm from the defect margin. The membrane was sutured and buccal flap was covered the defect perfectly. In 2, 4. 8 weeks later. the animals were sacrificed and undecalcified specimens were made and stained by multiple staining method. In rats. there was much amount of new bone formation at 2 weeks. and in 4 weeks specimen, bony defect was perfectly dosed and plenty amount of new bone marrow was developed. In some cases, there were failures of guided bone regeneration. In beagle dogs, guided tissue regeneration was incomplete when the defect was collapsed by the membrane itself and when the rate of resorption was so rapid than expected. The cause of the failure in GBR and GTR procedure is that 1) the membrane was not tightly seal the bony defects. If the sealing was not perfect, fibrous connective tissue infiltrate into the defect and inhibit the new bone formation and regeneration. 2) the membrane was too tightly attached to the tissue and then there was no space to be regenerated. In conclusion, the requirements of the membrane for periodontal tissue and bone regeneration are the biocompatibility, degree of sealingness, malleability. space making and manipulation. In this animal study. space making for new bone and periodontal ligament, and sealing the space might be the most important point for successful accomplishment of GBR and GTR.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2015

Background: Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd), one of the most abundant ingredients of Panax ginseng, protects the heart via multiple mechanisms including the inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ influx.We intended to explore the effects of GSRd on L-type $Ca^{2+}$ current ($I_{Ca,L}$) and define the mechanism of the suppression of $I_{Ca,L}$ by GSRd. Methods: Perforated-patch recording and whole-cell voltage clamp techniques were applied in isolated rat ventricular myocytes. Results: (1) GSRd reduced $I_{Ca,L}$ peak amplitude in a concentration-dependent manner [half-maximal inhibitory concentration $(IC_{50})=32.4{\pm}7.1{\mu}mol/L$] and up-shifted the current-voltage (I-V) curve. (2) GSRd ($30{\mu}mol/L$) significantly changed the steady-state activation curve of $I_{Ca,L}$ ($V_{0.5}:-19.12{\pm}0.68$ vs. $-6.26{\pm}0.38mV$; n = 5, p < 0.05) and slowed down the recovery of $I_{Ca,L}$ from inactivation [the time content (${\zeta}$) from 91 ms to 136 ms, n = 5, p < 0.01]. (3) A more significant inhibitive effect of GSRd ($100{\mu}mol/L$) was identified in perforated-patch recording when compared with whole-cell recording [$65.7{\pm}3.2%$ (n = 10) vs. $31.4{\pm}5.2%$ (n = 5), p < 0.01]. (4) Pertussis toxin ($G_i$ protein inhibitor) completely abolished the $I_{Ca,L}$ inhibition induced by GSRd. There was a significant difference in inhibition potency between the two cyclic adenosine monophosphate elevating agents (isoprenaline and forskolin) prestimulation [$55{\pm}7.8%$ (n = 5) vs. $17.2{\pm}3.5%$ (n = 5), p < 0.01]. (5) 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one (a guanylate cyclase inhibitor) and N-acetyl-$\small{L}$-cysteine (a nitric oxide scavenger) partly recovered the $I_{Ca,L}$ inhibition induced by GSRd. (6) Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (a protein kinase C activator) and GF109203X (a protein kinase C inhibitor) did not contribute to the inhibition of GSRd. Conclusion: These findings suggest that GSRd could inhibit $I_{Ca,L}$ through pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein ($G_i$) and a nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent mechanism.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2008

연구방법: 미성숙 백서 난소의 과배란 유도를 위해 PMSG를 주사하고, 배란을 위해서 hCG를 주입하였다. RGS-2의 유전자 발현양상을 조사하기 위하여는 Northern blot 분석과 in situ hybridization 분석을 시행하였다. 결 과: 미성숙 백서에 성선자극호르몬인 PMSG를 복강내 주사했을 때 RGS-2 mRNA 발현에 영향을 미치지 않음을 Northern blot analysis로 확인할 수 있었으나, hCG를 주입했을 때는 1시간에서 3시간 내에 발현이 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. In situ hybridization으로 살펴본 RGS-2 mRNA의 발현세포는 난포의 크기에 관계없이 난자였으나, hCG로 처리한 후에는 배란 전 난포와 성장중인 난포의 과립막 세포이었다. 그러나, RGS-2 단백의 발현은 hCG 처치와 관계없이 난포막 세포이었다. 상기 생체 실험과 마찬가지로 시험관에서도 배란 전 난포의 과립막 세포에 대한 LH 처리는 RGS-2 유전자 발현을 1시간 내에 촉진하였다. 또한, 성선자극호르몬 분비호르몬 2 길항제도 이러한 LH의 촉진작용을 증진시켰다. 결 론: 본 연구로 배란 전 과립막 세포에서 성선자극호르몬인 LH/hCG와 성선자극호르몬 분비호르몬 길항제에 의해 RGS-2의 발현이 증진되는 양상으로 보아 RGS-2가 배란과정 동안에 Gq protein 신호전달을 조절할 것으로 추정된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.173-183
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• 1998

$TGF-{\beta}$ is one of growth factors that may be involved in the formation of bone and cartilage. Multiple studies demonstrate that $TGF-{\beta}$ is involved in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and matrix synthesis, events observed in frature healing. The apperance of $TGF-{\beta}$ in the fracture during healing was evaluated by immunohistologic localization of $TGF-{\beta}$ using antibody. Twenty Sprauge-Dawley strain white male rats, each weiging about 150grams were used and divided two groups. The one group, the $2{\times}2mm$ bony defect was formed in the right femur. The other group, $4{\times}2mm$ bony defect was formed in right femur. Both group were sacrificed at 3day, 1, 2, 3, 4 week and femur were harvested, paraffin sections were stained with H & E, MT stain, immunihistochemical staining with $TGF-{\beta}$ antibody and observed under light microscope. The result were as follows: 1. New bone formation and cartilagenous tissue was seen at 3day. And in the $2{\times}2mm$ bony defect group, $TGF-{\beta}$ stained the cell surounding new bone. 2. The osteoclast and trabecular was seen at 1week. $TGF-{\beta}$ stained the osteoblast and in the $2{\times}2mm$ bony defect group was stained more than $4{\times}2mm$ bony defect group. 3. The lamella bone and trabecule was seen from 3, 4week, and $TGF-{\beta}$ stained almost negative. From the above finding, we could concluded that $TGF-{\beta}$ stained the osteoblast at early stage and 1week, the peak stain was seen from 1week, and then decreased, almost negative stain was seen at 3, 4week.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.72-76
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• 2013

Objective : Cerebral aneurysm (CA) is an important acquired cerebrovascular disease that can cause catastrophic results. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, playing essential roles in modulating basic physiologic and pathological processes. Currently, evidences have been established about biologic relationship between miRNAs and abdominal aortic aneurysms. However, biologic roles of miRNAs in CA formation have not been explained yet. We employed microarray analysis to detect and compare miRNA expression profiles in late stage of CA in rat model. Methods : Twenty-six, 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a CA induction procedure. The control animals (n=11) were fed a normal diet, and the experimental animals (n=26) were fed a normal diet with 1% normal saline for 3 months. Then, the rats were sacrificed, their cerebral arteries were dissected, and the five regions of aneurysmal dilation on the left posterior communicating artery were cut for miRNA microarrays analysis. Six miRNAs (miRNA-1, miRNA-223, miRNA-24-1-5p, miRNA-551b, miRNA-433, and miRNA-489) were randomly chosen for validation using real-time quantitative PCR. Results : Among a set of differentially expressed miRNAs, 14 miRNAs were over-expressed more than 200% and 6 miRNAs were down-expressed lower than 50% in the CA tissues. Conclusion : The results show that miRNAs might take part in CA formation probably by affecting multiple target genes and signaling pathways. Further investigations to identify the exact roles of these miRNAs in CA formation are required.