• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.353-358
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of black polyethylene film mulching and soil conditioners on the growth, yield, and flavonoids biosynthesis of mungbeans. The seedling stand rate, plant height, and pods per plant were 98%, 61 cm, and 15.1, respectively, when the mungbean grown black polyethylene film mulches. They were greater than these results when the without mulches was applied by 13%, 9 cm, and 1.8, respectively. Mungbean grown with black polyethylene film mulches ($243\;kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) exhibited 38% more seed yield than without mulches ($176\;kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$). However, no significant difference in contents of vitexin and isovitexin of mungbeans between with black polyethylene film mulches and without mulches was observed. Among soil conditioners, standard fertilizer+oil cake and standard fertilizer+mineral powders increased number of pods. The standard fertilizer+oil cake showed the highest seed yield (119%) of mungbean when it mixed with standard fertilizers, and followed by mineral powders (115%). The mixed combinations of oil cake or mineral powders also seem to have affected the biosynthesis of vitexin and isovitexin, whose content in mungbeans was significantly more.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.38-45
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• 1998

Soil and water contamination caused by the abundant use of agricultural chemicals including herbicides and fertilizers draws public concerns since these chemicals may pollute the agricultural lands as well as the food products grown on these lands. As a method to reduce the use of agricultural chemicals mulching with thin plastic film has been commonly practised for many years. Although use of the plastic film for mulching is very effective in preventing the growth of weed, it is almost impossible to remove all of the plastic film from the agricultural land and the remaining film eventually contaminates the soils. Therefore, it is very imperative to develop a mulching material that decomposes completely to prevent soil pollution problems and to enhance the competitive edge of domestic agriculture. Mulch papers are believed to have many positive characteristics in preventing problems caused by the plastic mulch film since it decomposes completely after use. However, the basis weight of mulch papers needs to be reduced to improve its handling properties and to reduce the raw material costs of pulps. In this paper the possibilities of using domestic old corrugated containers in producing mulch papers were examined. Also use of unbleached softwood kraft pulps and dry strength additives were exploited along with two-layered sheet forming technology in decreasing the basis weight of the mulch paper. Results showed that reduction of 20g/$m^2$ of basis weight of mulch paper was possible by the appropriate raw material selection and application of strength resin. To use the mulch papers in paddy fields, however, further research to improve its durability should be pursued.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.50-50
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• 2022

Recently, the use of mulching film has increased in soybean cultivation. Polyethylene (PE) films and biodegradable films (BF) have the advantages of improving soil moisture retention, geothermal maintenance, and CO2 maintenance as well providing weed control. Furthermore, BFs are a material that can compensate for the shortcomings of PE because it has the ability to decompose naturally by soil microorganisms, sunlight, and geothermal heat. Many researches have been carrying out studies regarding the development of BFs for these very reasons. This study was conducted better understand which films are optimal for soybean cultivation after evaluations of soybean growth and film characteristics of various BFs. BFs Farmsbio (Farm Hannong), Heulgro Film (Sejin Bio), Vonto Film (Eco-Hansung), two unnamed biodegradable films (Seojin Bio and Taesung), and a PE film were used in this study. For the control plots, no mulching was used. Experimental fields were fertilized according to conventional cultivation methods, tilled, and then covered with either BFs or PE films. After 1 week, soybean (cv. Daechan) seeds were seeded. Germination rate and plant height were measured at weekly intervals after seeding. In addition, pH, EC, and decomposition and light transmittance levels of films were measured during the experimental period. Daily average temperatures and relative humidity in soils was measured during the experimental period. There was no significant difference in germination rates and plant height in both crops grown with BFs and PE films, but crops grown in the control plot had significantly lower germination rates and growth. Soil pH was not significantly different regardless of treatments (BF, PE, and non-mulching) at 14, 28, and 42 days after seeding. In general, the EC contents in the control plots was lower than in crops grown using BFs and PE films. With the exception of some BFs, light transmittance and decomposition levels of films did not, in general, increase up to 70 days after soybean seeding. Since this study is ongoing, we are continually investigating these parameters. The average daily moisture in soil was higher in crops grown with BFs and PE films than in the control plot. However, the daily average soil temperature was not consistent regardless of treatments. Therefore, the BFs used in this study can be used without negative impacts on soybean growth.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.34-48
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• 2024

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of biodegradable mulching films in soybean (Glycine max) cultivation by measuring their effects on crop growth and yield, film decomposition and soil chemical and physical properties. In 2022 and 2023, plant height, branch number, chlorophyll contents, yield components, and yield of soybean did not vary significantly in areas using PE films and biodegradable mulching films. The light transmission rate of the biodegradable mulching films ranged from 6.4 to 15.8% when measured 112 days after soybean transplanting, and was higher, on average, in 2023 than in 2022. In both years, degradation of the biodegradable mulching films began 20 days after soybean transplantation and increased over time. In addition, remains of biodegradable mulching films were present in fields at soybean harvest and remained until 50 days after harvest. Decomposition rates of the biodegradable mulching films at 112 days after soybean transplanting ranged from 9.8 to 26.7% in 2022 and 13 to 36% in 2023. Although soil pH and EC varied based on the year and timing of measurements, there was no significant difference between areas that used biodegradable mulching films and PE films. Soil organic matter, nitrate and exchangeable cation contents such as Ca, Mg, and K were not significantly different in areas that used both PE films and biodegradable films. However, significantly higher levels of available phosphoric acid content were measured in areas that used biodegradable mulch films E, S, and T. Regardless of which films were used, there were no significant differences in the soil's physical properties. In 2022 and 2023, there was no difference between areas that used biodegradable mulch films and PE films. However, soil temperature in mulched areas was 2℃ higher and soil moisture was 5-15% higher than in non-mulched areas. Barley growth was not affected by being planted in soil that had been used for soybean cultivation with biodegradable films. Therefore, the biodegradable mulch films used in this study can be used without negatively affecting the growth, yield, and soil environment of soybeans.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to determine tuber yield increase of Konjac by sowing time, seed tuber split method and cultural methods. Tuber yield per unit area was generally increased in early planting than conventional planting time. Tuber yield of polyethylene film mulching culture among storage methods was high, while the emergence rate of konjac for seedling plus PE mulching, and tunnel culture were prompted by 20 days, and especially seedling was to be greatly controlled due to temperature difference of the day and night at emergence. All of the cutting methods(two and four split method) were higher than conventional method because of increasing number of bulblet, accordingly, that method using seed tuber was profitable for mass propagation. Both botanical characteristics and tuber yield tend to be increased at 30 to 50 percent shading than natural condition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.329-334
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• 1992

In order to obtain basic informations on establishment of culture system for Cassia tora L. in the southern part of Korea, under vinyl mulching and non mulching conditions, the characters of growth and yield following the difference of fertilization quantity were investigated. All characters, stem length, stem diameter, number of branches, number of pods per plant, pod length, and number of grains per pod, etc., were excellent under the vinyl mulching condition, and of these growth characters, stem diameter, number of pods per plant, and number of grains per pod, etc. were most excellent in the district of N-P$_2$O$_{5}$-K$_2$O=8-6-6Kg /10a. Weight of 1000 grains and seed yield were also high under the vinyl mulching condition, and starting form the district of fertilization quantity N- P$_2$O$_{5}$-K$_2$O=8-6-6Kg /10a, the districts of increasing or decreasing fertilizer tended to be less yield. Also under the vinyl mulching and non mulching, the dispersive analyses of useful characters following the difference of fertilization quantity, were acknowledged to be worth of attention.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.217-223
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• 2008

In this study, a garlic clove planter which is capable of planting holes in soil and planting a clove at the same time was designed and tested for film mulched beds. Planting characteristics of the planter were measured through field experiment. Some characteristics were analyzed with multibody dynamic simulation software. Simulation was performed on opening time of the planting hopper. Measured characteristics were position, angle, and reposition amount of garlic in sowing hole. Experiment results showed that the planted position of garlic in planting was 23.0 mm from the hole wall. The reposition amount of garlic was varied with its position and angle when the planted garlic was pressed by an angled compaction wheel. In case of type II position, the position movement of garlic was larger than type I. Average position movement of type II was 11.5 mm at $20^{\circ}$ of compaction wheel angle. These data suggest that cutting diameter of film opening must be larger than 33 mm to provide enough space for garlic sprouting. Also, simulation results showed that the maximum opening time of the planting hopper was 0.26 second.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2015

This study was conducted to measure the effect of PE film mulching and irrigation methods on the growth, yield and antioxidant activity of potatoes tubers, in order to examine the possibility of cultivating potatoes in winter season in vinyl greenhouse on the reclaimed tidal land with weak ground inside the sea wall currently completed. The test was conducted on the sandy loam soil (Munpo series), and its salt concentration was 0.42% at the time of planting. The emergence speed per kind of PE film mulching was in the order of black > coloration > transparent > green color, with the black color showing the fastest speed. The temperature change during a day per kind of PE film mulching was in the order of transparent > coloration > green > black color. As for the salt concentration in the soil for each different way of water management, the salt concentration in the treatment of drip irrigation with 1 week interval was lower than that drip irrigation with 2 weeks interval. As for the growth of above-aerial part, plant length was higher, number of tiller and leaves were more and dry weight of above-aerial part was larger in the treatment of drip irrigaton with 1 week interval than drip irrigation with 2 weeks interval. As for the yield of potatoes depending on each way of water management, the yield in the treatment of drip irrigation with 1 week interval was more than drip irrigation with 2 weeks interval. The yield for each different kind of PE film mulching in the weekly drip-irrigation management section was in the order of transparent ${\geq}$ black ${\geq}$ coloration ${\geq}$ green color. In both of total phenol content and DPPH free radical activity experiments, the content and activity were higher with pear color vinyl treatment.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological safety of leafy vegetables (perilla leaf and lettuce) in relation to cultivation methods. A total of 2,304 samples were collected from plants, harvesting tools and soil mulching film during the production and harvest stages from organic- and conventional- farms. From the samples, sanitary indicator microorganisms (total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, E. coli., Environmental Listeria, and yeast and mold) and pathogenic microorganisms (S. aureus, B. cereus, Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., and L. monocytogenes) were analyzed. In the production stage of leafy vegetables, the sanitary indicator microorganisms was not detected regardless of cultivation method or it was detected to be less than $3.4\;Log\;CFU/100cm^2$. B. cereus and S. aureus were found to be 0.22~1.55 Log CFU/g in perilla leaf and lettuce produced by organic farms, and S. aureus was not detected and B. cereus was found to be 0.42~2.19 Log CFU/g in conventional farms. There were no significant differences between two cultivation methods. In the harvesting tools and soil mulching film, the contamination levels of sanitary indicator microorganisms and pathogenic microorganisms was low regardless of the cultivation method. However, there was a positive correlation ($R^2=0.4526$) in that the higher the microbial contamination level in the harvesting tool, the higher the microbial contamination on the surface of the plant. In addition, sanitary indicator microorganisms and pathogenic microorganisms were not detected or low in soil mulching during the production of organic leafy vegetables. As a result of this study, microbial hygiene control by soil mulching and harvesting tools was more important than difference of cultivation method in production of leafy vegetables.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.3
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• pp.207-215
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• 2023

This study was compared the soil environment and growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) treated with non-mulching (NM) and mulching polyethylene film (PEF) and two biodegradable films (BFI and BFII) commonly used in farmhouses. Visual observation confirmed the degradation of BFI and BFII films after 150 days after tansplanting (DAT). BFII increased light penetration into the films and reduced the weight maintenace after 180 DAT, with a high decompostion at 30 days after soil tilling. Soil moisture contents much fluctuated between -14 kP and - 0 kPa in NM plots, increasing the minimum soil temperature of BFI plots. Mulching treatments decreased soil organic matter contents but did not subtantially increase soil mineral nutrients, soil bulk density, and number of bacteria compared to those of NM plots. Onion root growth was increased by PEF and BFI treatments at an early growth stage, 60 DAT, with the most remarkable stem extension observed for PEF and BFI treatments after 150 DAT. PEF and BFI treatments increased the bulb's diameter, length, weight, and lodging at 180 DAT. BFI treatments exhibited a high portion of the "very large" category producing with 55.3 tons ha^-1 based on the classification into bulb size, followed by PE (49.3 tons), NM (9.4 tons), and BFII treatments (2.7 tons) at 230 DAT.