• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.652-657
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• 2015

To produce mulberry-leaf tea abundant in ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA), mulberry leaves were subjected to two distinct anaerobic conditions ($N_2$ and vacuum) for 12 h before the manufacturing process. Subsequently, changes in the GABA content as well as that of other components were measured. In anaerobically treated mulberry leaves, GABA content markedly increased by 436-472% compared with the control, while the glutamic acid content decreased. However, few changes were observed in the contents of the general components (moisture, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and ash) and water-soluble solids. Free sugar, catechin, and total phenol content decreased after anaerobic treatment. However, the sensory test scores were not different between the control and anaerobically-treated samples. Consequently, tea products, manufactured post nitrogen gas or vacuum treatment of leaves after harvest, showed functional properties without sensory loss.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.122-128
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• 1975

With the cultivated mulberry plant which feeds silkworm on its leaves in sericulture, the measuring methods of biomass of terrestrial organs were compared and the annual net productivity was estimated. The measurement of the standing crops by means of allometric method on basis of relation between the parameter D230H, square of the diameter of the branch on 30cm high above ground($D{\frac}{2}{30}$) multiplied by its height(H), and the amount of leaves(WL) or of branch (Ws) was more accurate than other methods on basis of correlation between a character of the branch such as H, D30 or D230 and WL or Ws. The estimate of value of the net productivity of terrestrial parts of mulberry was 9.06-12.54 ton/ha.year, which was similar to that obtained from secondary forests in cool temperate zone.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.854-857
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• 2007

In this study, the crude methanol extract of mulberry leaves was fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, successively. The antioxidant activities of the fractions were examined with the 2-deoxyribose oxidation and linoleic acid peroxidation methods. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest antioxidant activity. From it we isolated chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin $3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$, and kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ with preparatory octadecyl silane-high performance liquid chromatography (ODS-HPLC), and identified the compounds by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fast atom bombardment mass (FAB-MS) analyses. Overall, quercetin $3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ showed the strongest antioxidant activity by both the 2-deoxyribose oxidation and rat liver microsome peroxidation methods.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 2014

We investigated noodles supplemented with functional ingredients for their antioxidant properties, including total phenol, flavonoid contents, electron donating, nitrite scavenging abilities and ferrous ion chelating effect. The total polyphenol contents of functional noodles arranged in order of decreasing concentration were kudzu (7.98%) > green tea (4.99%) > pumpkin (5.03%) > mulberry leaves (4.99%) > mugwort (4.23%) > cactus (3.57%) > kelp (3.33). The total flavonoid contents in green tea noodles were the highest as 4.35%. The electron donating ability in mugwort noodle was the highest as 12.27% at 1,000 ppm. This amount was 4.85 times than that of wheat flour noodle (2.53%). The nitrite scavenging ability of functional noodles at pH 1.2 arranged in order of decreasing concentration were green tea (66.52%) > cactus (55.12%) > kudzu (52.67%) > pumpkin (50.50%) > mulberry leaves (43.58%) > kelp (41.41%) > mugwort (37.66). The nitrite-scavenging ability of green tea noodle was lower than ascorbic acid (natural antioxidant) 77.83%, while that of green tea noodle was similar with BHT (artificial antioxidant) 69.45%. The ferrous ion chelating effect of noodles containing kelp were the highest as 27.02%. All of the experimental results showed good antioxidant property. Thus, noodles supplemented with mulberry leaves, cactus, mugwort, green tea, pumpkin, kelp or kudzu, demonstrated to have good functional effects for human health.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.32-36
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• 1984

This study was conducted out to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides, furadan (3%G), disyston(5%G), ortran (50%WP), pirimor (50%EC) and metasystox (25%EC) to the mulberry thrips(Pseudodendrothrips mori NIWA.) The comparisons between damaged by thrips and controlled leaves with the cocoon producion and the chemical contents in leaves were carried. The results were as follows; 1. Ortran, furadan and matasystox showed the good efficacy to control the thrips, especially the period of efficacy was the longest in ortran and furadan. 2. The cocoon yield increased in the controlled plot by 3.68kg/box and 5.15kg/10a more than in the damaged plot in autumn rearing season. 3. The content of total carbohydrate and water in mulberry leaves was clearly higher in the controlled plot than in the damaged plot. This may cause the earlier leave harding by damage in autumn.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2003

Changes in biochemical constituents and physiological alteration were studied in various intensities (1-5%, 6-15%, 16-30%, 31-50% and ＞ 50%) of leaf spot (Myrothecium roridum) on mulberry leaves and compared with healthy leaves. Chlorophyll, total soluble sugar and total protein were decreased (P ＜ 0.01), but total phenol increased due to pathogen infection. Changes in biochemical constituents showed significant correlation with intensity of disease. Chlorophyll ($r^2$= 0.92), and protein (($r^2$= 0.83) possessed negative while phenol (($r^2$= 0.61) possessed positive correlation. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, moisture content (%) and physiological water use efficiency (pWUE) were decreased, but stomatal resistance increased in the infected leaves. Physiological parameters also possessed significant (P ＜ 0.01) correlation with disease intensity. Photosynthetic rate (($r^2$= 0.96), transpiration rate ($r^2$=0.88), stomatal conductance (($r^2$= = 0.65), physiological water use efficiency (($r^2$= 0.88) and moisture content (r = 0.85) were negatively but stomatal resistance (($r^2$= 0.75) was positively correlated to disease intensities.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.576-581
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• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate the sensory evaluation of the muffins with mulberry leaf powder as well as their chemical characteristics. The muffins were prepared by adding 0%, 1 %, 2% and 3% mulberry leaf powder to the recipe. As a result of the sensory evaluations, the color, flavor and texture of the muffins of 2% mulberry leaf powder were found to be much better than those of the other groups. In the chemical composition analysis, increasing the mulberry leaf powder led to a significant increase in the content of crude protein, moisture and crude ash, while crude fat was significantly decreased. As the ratio of mulberry leaf powder increased, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn in the muffins increased proportionally (p<0.05). The lightness value, the redness value and the yellowness value decreased with the increase of mulberry leaves powder content. In a texture analyser test, hardness and cohesiveness decreased as the ratio of mulberry leaf powder increased. The adhesiveness of the muffins with 2% mulberry leaf powder was the strongest of all.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2007

Twenty - four elite mulberry germplasm each of indigenous and exotics were studied for their leaf yield and compared with commercial check ($V_1$ and Kosen). Accession MI-0416 and ME-0169 out yielded the check accession in leaf yield/plant. The other few mulberry germplasm were also performed at par with the checks. For quality test and bioassay were conducted with the leaves of selected mulberry germplasm. Among the selected twelve mulberry accessions used for bioassay, MI-0376 and ME-033 performed better than check ($V_1$, Kosen). Other mulberry accessions i.e., MI-0310 and MI-0437 are on par with the check as far as the bioassay is concerned. MI-0376 and ME-0033 out yielded in rearing parameters and qualified for 11 and 10 rearing and related traits. Other mulberry accessions i.e., MI-0310 and MI-0437 were also qualified for eight rearing traits along with check ($V_1$). The mulberry accessions tested after selection from the preliminary characterization seems to be better and equally good in rearing and leaf yield compared to check ($V_1$, Kosen), which provides scope for selection and further evaluation. The selected mulberry accession may be included in crop improvement programme.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.37-38
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• 1977

Since 1972 a series of experiments were conducted to reveal physiological function and biological activities involved in rooting of mulberry cuttings, and the behaviour of ether extractable growth control substances in leaves and stens. Measurements were made on various mulberry varieties for respiration of cuttings, suitable size for the production of cuttings, change of rootability of cuttings with growth of cutting shoots after cutting date, rooting tests on the green beans with ether leaf extract and ether stem extract, and rooting effect of cutting by NAA treatment. (omitted)

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.97-100
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• 1975

This work was carried out to investigate the effects of several mode of picking leaves in autumn on development and harvest of branches, The results obtained are summarized ： (1) The effects of picking leaves in autumn were more conspicuous in weight of branches in length and/or size of branches. (2) In inverse propotion to the amount of picking leaves in autumn, the total weights of branches showed heavy in the non-picking leaves, the lower half part and the middle part-treatment, whereas are light in the upper half- and the all leaves picking-treatment, In spite of excessive picking leaves in autumn however, the middle part-treatment presented heavy weight of branches. (3) The yield of leaves in spring silkworm rearing, in propotion to the amount of picking leaves, were heavy in order of the non-picking leaves-, the middle part, and the lower half part-treatment, while both the upper half and the all leaves picking-treatment showed small amount of harvest. (4) The total yield of mulberry leaves and shoots of middle part-treatment, which showed the largest number of all was larger than that of the non-picking leaves and the all leave picking-treatment (leaving 5 leaves from upper part of shoot) at the ratio of 36％ and 13％, respectively.