• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2019

Small intestine has a structure called villi that increases the mucosal surface area for nutrient absorption. Intricate and tight epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are required for villi development. These interactions are regulated by signaling molecules, physical forces, and epithelial deformation. Signaling molecules include hedgehog (Hh), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt ligands. The Hh ligand is expressed from the epithelium and binds to the underlying mesenchymal cells, resulting in aggregation into mesenchymal clusters. The clusters express BMP and Wnt ligands to control its size and spacing between clusters. The clusters then form villi. Despite the fact that the villi formation is studied extensively, we do not have a complete understanding. In addition, the recent study shows there is a great relationship between the overexpression of the Hh signal and development of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, signaling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells and their physical interactions will be discussed on this review.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 1989

Fibricela seoulensis에 감염된 마우스나 흰쥐 소장에는 점막 융모(villi)의 단축, 융합, 둔 화 등 퇴행성 변화와 상피층 결손, 위축 등이 초래되며, 선와(crypts)는 증식되는 소견을 보인다. 이러한 병변이 충체를 구충한 후에는 어떻게 치유되는가를 관찰하고자 이 연구를 시행하였다. 즉 흰쥐에 1,000개 씩의 피낭유충을 감염시키고 15일 후에 프라지콴텐을 10 mg/kg씩 투여하여 구충한 다 음 투약 후 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 21및 28일에 각각 도살하고 조직절편을 만들어 병변을 관찰하였다. 정상 대조군의 소장에는 손가락 모양의 가늘고 긴 융모가 일정하게 배열되어 있었고, 기질에는 병변이 없었다. 융모/선와(V/C) 높이의 비율은 2 : 1∼3 : 1이었다. 감염 대조군은 심한 융모의 융합, 둔단화, 상피층의 결손, 위축, 기질층의 염증, 부종 등 융모 위축과 선와 증식 소견을 보였다. 프라지관텔 투여 후 1일과 3일에는 감염 대조군과 비슷한 정도로 융모의 병변이 보였으나 5일에는 기질층의 변화가 없었고 일부 융모가 회복되기 시작하였고 7일w15일 사이에는 대부분의 점막에서 융모가 정상화되어 가는 소견을 보였다. 구충 3주 후에는 완전히 회복되었다. 이상의 결과는 계. seoulensis 감염에 의해 형성된 소장 점막의 병변이 구충제로 성충을 제거한 후 약 3주 이내에 완전히 정상적인 융모의 모습으로 치유될 수 있음을 나타내었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.169-185
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• 2002

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate 1he effects of Sasammaickmoondong-tang(SME) on colonic mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin in mouse. Methods: The normal group is 1hat no inflammation elicitated mouse. Control group is that gastro-inflammation elicitated mouse. Sample group is that SME administered mouse after gastro-inflammation elicitation. Results: In the common morphology and histochemical change, control group was observed various injury-mucous surface cell, micro-villi, paneth cell, surface epithelial cell, goblet cell-by hemorrhagic erosion, while sample group was as same as normal group. In the immunohistochemical change, 1he distributions of COX-1, Bcl-2, and BrdU treated with SME noticeably increased than control group(P<0.05). The distributions of TUNEL, $NF-{\kappa}B$, COX-2, $IL-2R-\alpha$, NK-1.1, ICAM-1, and CD11b/18 treated with SME noticeably decreased than control group(P<0.05). And the distribution of SBA was as same as normal group. Conclusions: According to the above results, it is supposed that Sasammaickmoondong-tang is applicable to colonic mucosal lesions.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.380-384
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• 2006

Sprague-Dawley rats (n=32) were fed a diet containing basal (control), cellulose (5%), or alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) (5%) extracted from the stem and root barks of elm (Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Nakai) for 4 weeks. The effects of the diets, on gastrointestinal functions and morphology were evaluated. The weight gains, food intake, and food efficiencies for the cellulose and AIR diet-fed groups were not significantly different from those of the AIR-free (basal) diet. The gastrointestinal transit times of the stem and root bark AIR diets were significantly reduced (p<0.01) compared to the basal diet, and were slower than those of the cellulose diet. The fecal weights of the stem and root bark AIR diets were significantly increased (p<0.01) up to 4-fold compared to those of the basal diet. The height of the mucosal villi, and mucosal and muscle layer thicknesses of the colon were greater and more developed in the stem and root bark AIR diets (p<0.01) than in the basal diet. The villus heights in the jejunum and the colon mucosal goblet cells were more developed in the order of cellulose > stem bark AIR > root bark AIR diets.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1985

The morphological development of the small intestinal tissues of the Korean native goat were observed by light microscopy. Samples were taken from a 60-, 90-, 120-day-old fetus, a newborn goat and a 30-day-old goat. The results were summarized as follows; 1. In the small intestine of 60-day-old fetus, the apexes and sides of villi were covered with a simple columnar epithelium, and intervilous areas and mucosal ridges were still covered with stratified epithelium of two to six cell layers. Mesenchymal tissues formed lamina propria, circular muscle layer and serosa. The numbers of villi per cross section of the small intestine (NVPCS) were 10 to 18. 2. In 90-day-old fetus, intervillous areas and mucosal ridges of the organ were covered with simple columnar epithelium. Goblet cells in epithelium and outer longitudinal muscle layer often appeared. NVPCS were 35 to 60 and Brunner's glands were appeared. 3. In 120-day-old fetus, Brunner's glands of the duodenum and circular connection of outer longitudinal muscle layer were formed, NVPCS were 50 to 87. 4. In newborn goat, Peyer's patches were fully formed and NVPCS were 50 to 87. 5. In 30-day goat, the small intestine was fully matured and NVPCS were 81 to 102.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.121-137
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• 2003

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Sasammaickmoondong-tang (SME) on gastric mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin in mice. Methods: The normal group was no inflammation-induced mice. The control group was gastro-inflammation-induced mice. The sample group was mice administered SME after gastro-inflammation elicitation. Results: In the common morphology and histochemical change, the control group was observed with various injury-mucous surface cell, micro-villi, paneth cell, surface epithelial cell, goblet cell - by hemorrhagic erosion, while the sample group was as same as the normal group. In the immunohistochemical change, the distributions of COX-1, Bcl-2, and BrdU treated with SME were noticeably higher than in the control group (p<0.05). The distributions of TUNEL, NF-B, COX-2, IL-2R-, NK-1.1, ICAM-1, and CD11b/18 in those treated with SME were noticeably lower than in the control group (p<0.05). Finally, the distribution of SBA was the same as in the normal group. Conclusions: According to the above results, it is supposed that Sasammaickmoondong-tang is applicable to gastric mucosal lesions.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.300-314
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Sasammaickmoondong-tang(SME) on duodenal mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin in mouse. Methods : The normal group is that no inflammation elicitated mouse. Control group is that gastro-inflammation elicitated mouse. Sample group is that SME administered mouseice after gastro-inflammation elicitation. Results : In the common morphology and histochemical change, control group was observed various injury-mucous surface cell, micro-villi, paneth cell, surface epithelial cell, goblet cell-by hemorrhagic erosion, while sample group was as same as normal group. In the immunohistochemical change, the distributions of COX-1, Bcl-2, and BrdU treated with SME noticeably increased than control group(p<0.05). The distributions of TUNEL, $NF-{\kappa}B$, COX-2, $IL-2R-{\alpha}$, NK-1.1, ICAM-1, and CD11b/18 treated with SME noticeably decreased than control group(p<0.05). And the distribution of SBA was as same as normal group. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is supposed that Sasammaickmoondong-tang is applicable to duodenal mucosal lesions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.667-676
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• 2008

본 연구는 유산균의 급여가 육계 생산성, 장내미생물 균총, 융모 발달에 미치는 영향을 구명하고 유산균의 장내 거주 상태와 점막 조직을 관찰하고자 수행되었다. 1일령 육계 수평아리(Avian) 600수 육계를 공시하여 5처리 4반복 반복당 30수씩 완전 임의배치 하고, 육계 및 산란계의 맹장에서 유래한 Lactobacillus crispatus avibro1(LCB), Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2 (LRB), Lactobacillus crispatus avihen1(LCH), Lactobacillus vaginalis avihen2 (LVH)을 사료 g당 107cfu 수준으로 급여하였다. 5주 종료체중 및 증체량은 대조구인 유산균 무첨가구에 비해 유산균 첨가구에서 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 사료 섭취량은 처리구간 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 유산균의 경우 주령 및 유산균의 종류에 따라 차이를 보이기는 했으나 유산균 첨가시 대조구에 비해 유의하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Yeast의 경우 회장에서 1주령까지는 장내에 완전히 정착하지 못하는 것으로 생각되며, 맹장 및 3주령 이후의 회장에서는 대부분의 유산균 첨가구에서 yeast의 수가 증가하였다(P<0.05). 회장 및 맹장 내 혐기성 미생물 역시 유산균 급여구에서 유의하게 증가하거나 증가하였다(P<0.05). 광학 현미경적 관찰에서 회장 융모는 3주령까지 급격하게 신장되고 이후 완만한 성장 양상을 보였는데, 3주령 이후 유산균 급여구는 지속적으로 성장하는데 반하여 대조구는 성장이 지연되는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 전자 현미경적 관찰에서 유산균은 소화기관 점막부근에 거주하며 점막조직에 영향을 미치는 것으로 관찰되었고 또, 유산균 급여구가 무첨가에 비하여 점막조직 발달 상태가 양호한 개체가 많았다. 본 연구 결과 육계 및 산란계 유래 유산균의 급여는 육계 생산성을 향상시키고 회장 융모 발달에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐 생균제로서의 이용 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.149-158
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• 1995

The purpose of the present study was to understand the pathogenesis of infections in piglets inoculated with C parvum isolated from mice alone and combined with porcine rotavirus (S-80). Thirteen 10-day piglets were divided in four groups; Three, A group, were only given by C parvum. Four, B group, were orally administrated with firstly porcine rotavirus and then C patvum. Three, C group, were orally inoculated with porcine rotavirus alone. The rest, D group, were used as controls. During the experiment, there were daily recorded clinical signs including diarrhea to each pig. According to the periodic intervals for necropsy, all pigs were sacrificed from 4 to 12 days after the final inoculation of C parvum. Location and distribution of two pathogens, C parvum and rotavirus, in the intestinal mucosa of piglets tested were examined by pathological and immunohistological means. In addition, parasitological test using the feces of piglets was applied for the detection of cryptosporidial oocysts as well. A group showed diarrhea from 4 to 6 days post-inoculation(PI) and also discharged C parvum oocysts in feces during the day 4 to 7 PI. In tissue sections of jejunum and ileum, cryptosporidial oocysts were observed a few on the top of villi with slightly fusion. B group represented sign of diarrhea and discharge of oocysts from 2 to 11 days PI. There were some cryptosporidial oocysts both in the jejunal lumen and in the lumen of mucosal glands. As progressed, oocysts were most commonly distributed on the tip of villi of jejunum. Histopathologically there were also mild to moderately fused, attenuated focal desquamated, congested villi and mononuclear cell infiltration of varying degrees in the lamina propria of small intestine and colon at the day 4 and 7 PI. C group showed slightly to mildly attenuated and fused top of villi and mildly mucosal congestion. D group as controls was grossly and histopathologically normal in all parts of intestine. The present results indicate that the piglets inoculated with C parvum only are certainly milder in pathogenesis including duration of clinical course and severity of lesion than those in piglets concurrently infected with porcine rotavirus and C parvum. Also the strain (VRI-CN91) of C parvum used in the study has very low pathogenicity to occur enteritis of piglets.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2001

The intestinal histopathology and in situ postures of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) were studied using C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice as experimental hosts; the effects of immunosuppression were also observed. The metacercariae isolated from naturally infected oysters, 300 or 1,000 in number, were infected orally to each mouse, and the mice were killed at days 3-21 post-infection (PI). In immunocompetent (IC) mice, only a small number of flukes were found in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum during days 3-7 PI, with their large oral suckers pinching and sucking the root of villi. The intestinal mucosa showed mild villous atrophy crypt hyperplasia, and inflammations in the villous stroma and crypt, with remarkable goblet cell hyperplasia. These mucosal changes were almost restored after days 14-21 PI. In immunosuppressed (IS) mice. displacement as well as complete loss of villi adjacent to the flukes was frequently encountered, otherwise the histopathology was generally mild, with minimal goblet cell hyperplasia. In these mice, numerous flukes were found, and it seemed that they were actively moving and rotating in situ. Several flukes were found to have invaded into the submucosa, almost facing the serosa. These results indicate that in IC mice the intestinal histopathology caused by G. seoi is generally mild, and the flukes do not penetrate beyond the mucosa, however, in IS mice. the flukes can cause severe destruction of neighboring villi. and some of them invade into the submucosa.