• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.193-198
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• 2012

Changes in the expression profiles of specific proteins leads to serious human diseases, including colitis. The proteomic changes related to colitis and the differential expression between tuberculous (TC) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in colon tissue from colitis patients has not been defined. We therefore performed a proteomic analysis of human TC and UC mucosal tissue. Total protein was obtained from the colon mucosal tissue of normal, TC, and UC patients, and resolved by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The results were analyzed with PDQuest using silver staining. We used matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF) to identify proteins differentially expressed in TC and UC. Of the over 1,000 proteins isolated, three in TC tissue and two in UC tissue displayed altered expression when compared to normal tissue. Moreover, two proteins were differentially expressed in a comparative analysis between TC and UC. These were identified as mutant ${\beta}$-actin, ${\alpha}$-enolase and Charcot-Leyden crystal protein. In particular, the expression of ${\alpha}$-enolase was significantly greater in TC compared with normal tissue, but decreased in comparison to UC, implying that ${\alpha}$-enolase may represent a biomarker for differential diagnosis of TC and UC. This study therefore provides a valuable resource for the molecular and diagnostic analysis of human colitis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2001

A study was conducted to assess the nutritive value of two diets based on a low-energy variety of wheat, RAC C1 and their effects on intestinal mucosal structure and function in broiler chickens. The diets were fed with or without microbial enzyme supplement to male and female broiler chickens. The digesta viscosity was reduced (p<0.001) through supplementation with a microbial enzyme in male and female chicks. Enzyme supplementation also improved the dietary apparent metabolizable energy content (p<0.001) and had slight but non-significant positive effects on chick growth and feed conversion ratio. Intestinal mucosal structure and enzyme function were not affected by microbial enzyme supplement. Male chicks consumed more feeds (p<0.001), attained higher final body weight (p<0.001) and were more efficient at feed utilization (p<0.01) than the female chicks. Except for duodenal villus surface area and ileal protein content, intestinal mucosal structure and enzyme activities were similar between the two sexes and dietary treatment groups. The study showed an improvement in the nutritive value of the diets in the presence of the microbial enzyme supplement.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.420-425
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• 2014

Esophageal reflux of gastric contents causes esophageal mucosal damage and inflammation. Recent studies show that oxygen-derived free radicals mediate mucosal damage in reflux esophagitis (RE). Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, is one of the most abundant polyphenols in the human diet and possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities. In this context, we investigated the effects of CGA against experimental RE in rats. RE was produced by ligating the transitional region between the forestomach and the glandular portion and covering the duodenum near the pylorus ring with a small piece of catheter. CGA (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) and omeprazole (positive control, 10 mg/kg) were administered orally 48 h after the RE operation for 12 days. CGA reduced the severity of esophageal lesions, and this beneficial effect was confirmed by histopathological observations. CGA reduced esophageal lipid peroxidation and increased the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio. CGA attenuated increases in the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, and expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein. CGA alleviates RE-induced mucosal injury, and this protection is associated with reduced oxidative stress and the anti-inflammatory properties of CGA.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.261-268
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• 2012

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus are the most significant pathogens causing respiratory tract diseases. Composite vaccines are useful in reducing the number of vaccination and confer protection against multiple infectious agents. In this study, we generated fusion of RSV G protein core fragment (amino acid residues 131 to 230) and influenza HA1 globular head domain (amino acid residues 62 to 284) as a dual vaccine candidate. This fusion protein, Gcf-HA1, was bacterially expressed, purified by metal resin affinity chromatography, and refolded in PBS. BALB/c mice were intranasally immunized with Gcf-HA1 in combination with a mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin (CT). Both serum IgG and mucosal IgA responses specific to Gcf and HA1 were significantly increased in Gcf-HA1/CT-vaccinated mice. To determine the protective efficacy of Gcf-HA1/CT vaccine, immunized mice were challenged with RSV (A2 strain) or influenza virus (A/PR/8/34). Neither detectable viral replication nor pathology was observed in the lungs of the immune mice. These results demonstrate that immunity induced by intranasal Gcf-HA1/CT immunization confers complete protection against both RSV and homologous influenza virus infection, suggesting our Gcf-HA1 vaccine candidate could be further developed as a dual subunit vaccine against RSV and influenza virus.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2003

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) has been shown to affect immune function. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CLA on the mice that treated prednisone. Mice were randomized into 6 groups and fed diet containing either 0(control, P), 0.5%(CLA1, CP1) or 1.5%(CLA2, CP2) CLA for Sweets. Before 1 week of finishing diet supplement CP1, CP2, and P group treated the prednisone by subcutaneous injection. The levels of serum immunoglobulin A, G, E, gut lumen s-IgA, MLN immunoglobulin A, body weight, mucosal protein was compared. The level of serum IgA in CLA1, CLA2, CP1, and CP2 group increased, while which of P group was decreased. The level of serum IgG in CLA 1 group increased, while which of the other group no differences. Serum IgE level showed no difference and the immunoglobulin production in MLN lymphocyte in CLA 1 group increased. The level of gut lumen s-IgA in P group showed decreased, while which of the other group showed no differences. These results support the view that CLA supplement partially enhance the cell-mediated immunity and overcome the immunosuppressive effect of prednisone.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.572-584
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• 2002

Rapid development in molecular biology and recent advancement in recombinant technology increase identification and commercialization of potential protein drugs. Traditional forms of administrations for the peptide and protein drugs often rely on their parenteral injection, since the bioavailability of these therapeutic agents is poor when administered nonparenterally. Tremendous efforts by numerous investigators in the world have been put to improve protein formulations and as a result, a few successful formulations have been developed including sustained-release human growth hormone. For a promising protein delivery technology, efficacy and safety are the first requirement to meet. However, these systems still require periodic injection and increase the incidence of patient compliance. The development of an oral dosage form that improves the absorption of peptide and especially protein drugs is the most desirable formulation but one of the greatest challenges in the pharmaceutical field. The major barriers to developing oral formulations for peptides and proteins are metabolic enzymes and impermeable mucosal tissues in the intestine. Furthermore, chemical and conformational instability of protein drugs is not a small issue in protein pharmaceuticals. Conventional pharmaceutical approaches to address these barriers, which have been successful with traditional organic drug molecules, have not been effective for peptide and protein formulations. It is likely that effective oral formulations for peptides and proteins will remain highly compound specific. A number of innovative oral drug delivery approaches have been recently developed, including the drug entrapment within small vesicles or their passage through the intestinal paracellular pathway. This review provides a summary of the novel approaches currently in progress in the protein oral delivery followed by factors affecting protein oral absorption.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been attributed to higher intake of fat and protein. However, reports on the relationship between protein intake and CRC are inconsistent, possibly due to the complexity of diet composition. In this study, we addressed a question whether alteration of protein intake is independently associated with colonic inflammation and colon carcinogenesis. MATERIALS/METHODS: Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups: 20% protein (control, 20P, 20% casein/kg diet), 10% protein (10P, 10% casein/kg diet), 30% protein (30P, 30% casein/kg diet), and 50% protein (50P, 50% casein/kg diet) diet groups and were subjected to azoxymethane-dextran sodium sulfate induced colon carcinogenesis. RESULTS: As the protein content of the diet increased, clinical signs of colitis including loss of body weight, rectal bleeding, change in stool consistency, and shortening of the colon were worsened. This was associated with a significant decrease in the survival rate of the mice, an increase in proinflammatory protein expression in the colon, and an increase in mucosal cell proliferation. Further, colon tumor multiplicity was dramatically increased in the 30P (318%) and 50P (438%) groups compared with the control (20P) group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a high protein diet stimulates colon tumor formation by increasing colonic inflammation and proliferation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 2011

Lactobacilli are normal constituents of the intestinal microbiota, and some strains show the capacity to bind to extracellular matrix proteins and components of the mucosal layer, which represents an adaptation to persist in this niche. A shotgun phage-display library of Lactobacillus casei BL23 was constructed and screened for peptides able to bind to fibronectin and collagen. Clones showing binding to these proteins were isolated, which encoded overlapping fragments of a putative transcriptional regulator (LCABL_29260), a hypothetical protein exclusively found in the L. casei/rhamnosus group (LCABL_01820), and a putative phage-related endolysin (LCABL_13470). The construction of different glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusions confirmed the binding activity and demonstrated that the three identified proteins could interact with fibronectin, fibrinogen, and collagen. The results illustrate the utility of phage display for the isolation of putative adhesins in lactobacilli. However, it remains to be determined whether the primary function of these proteins actually is adhesion to mucosal surfaces.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.sup1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2009

Some pediatric patients who can not eat orally depend on enteral tube feedings, and some patients require more nutrients and calories to achieve the catch-up growth. If a patient is counting on the parenteral nutrition, early initiation of enteral feeding, orally or enterally, is a very good for the intestinal mucosal maturity and motility. There are numerous kinds of formulas and supplements for the enteral feeding for neonates, infants, and children. Depending on the intestinal symptoms, allergic symptoms, requirement of special nutrients, we can choose regular infant formula (milk-based, soy-based), protein hydrolysate formula, amino acid hydrolysate formula, elemental formula. Proper use of these formulas would help for the pediatric patients to recover from their diseases, to facilitate the intestinal mucosal maturity and to achieve their goal of growth.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 1993

This research aims to study the changes In gastrointestinal function attributed to aging In human. The thresholds for recognition and detection of flavors became elevated and salivary gland acinar cells decreased in the old age. But most esophageal function remained relatively Intact. Although gastric emptying time has been slowed with aging, the total intestinal transit time did not differ. Atropic gastritis due to H. pylori in old man decreased secretion of acid and Intrinsic factor and absorbability of calcium and iron. Pancreatic secretion is droned in older persons. Prevalence of gallstones rised with age. Liver size and portal blood flow decreased significantly with age. Mucosal surface area has been reported to be slightly diminished in the aging man. Glucose transporters decreased and Insulin tolerance Increased. Absorption of aromatic amino acid is diminished with age. Dietary protein In that aging human increased fecal nitrogen excretion. Vitamin A tolerance increased. Vitamin D receptor concentration decreased and resistance to 1,25-(OH)2D3 action increased. Permeability of aging small Intestine Increased. Zinc balance dirt not differ Copper absorption appeared not to be significantly affected by age. Neurotensin secretion decreased thus slowed colonic peristaltic movements and Intestinal mucosal growth.