• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.696-700
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• 2013

A quick and reliable method for identifying meat origin is developed to ensure species origin of livestock products for consumers. The present study examined the identification of meat sources (duck, chicken, goat, deer, pig, cattle, sheep, and horse) using PCR by exploiting the mitochondrial 12S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome b genes. Species-specific primers were designed for some or all mitochondrial 12S rRNA nucleotide sequences to identify meat samples from duck, chicken, goat, and deer. Mitochondrial cytochrome b genes from pig, cattle, sheep, and horse were used to construct species-specific primers, which were used to amplify DNA from different meat samples. Primer sets developed in this study were found to be superior for detecting meat origin when compared to other available methods, for which the discrimination of meat origin was not equally applicable in some cases. Our new development of species-specific primer sets could be multiplexed in a single PCR reaction to significantly reduce the time and labor required for determining meat samples of unknown origin from the 8 species. Therefore, the technique developed in this study can be used efficiently to trace the meat origin in a commercial venture and help consumers to preserve their rights knowing origin of meat products for social, religious or health consciousness.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2000

Complete senuences of the mitochondrial rRNA Benes were determined among six salmonines in Korean Waters (Brachpmystax lenok, Onoorhpchus keta, O. masou mason, O. mason ishikawae, O. mykiss, and albino mutant of O. mykiss). The purposes of this study were to provide the basic information on levels of mtDNA polymorphism among these species for genetic characterization; discuss phylogentic relationships among three Oncorhynchus sepecies; demonstrate the utility of rRNA gene sequence data as a genetic marker for disringuishinf among Korean salmonines. PCR/direct sequencing data indicated the following consistent results; 1) 12S rRNA genes was 945 bases long in Oncorhynchus species, and 946 bases in B. lenot including one insertion. 2) Of sequence variation in mitochondrial rRNA regions, transitional substitutions were superior to transversion. 3) The significant differences were not shown in the intraspecific variation values in these gene regions. The percentage sequence divergence values were ranged from $0.066 to 0.212{\%}$. 4) The interspecific divergences were greater than the intraspecific variation. Nevertheless, ribosomal RMh genes were more conserved among species than the other mitochondrial genes, and they showed potentiality as an intergenic marker for systematics. In addition, phylogenetic trees, constructed from this data, supported that cherry salmon was closer to chum salmon than to rainbow trout, and that lenok was most distantly related species in six salmonid species.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.263-267
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• 2014

A single juvenile pomacentrid specimen (5.9 mm standard length) was collected from the Korea Strait in October 2010. The specimen is characterized by punctate-stellate melanophores scattered on the operculum and dorso-ventral region in front of the caudal peduncle, the lack of melanophores on the posterior end of the anal fin base, the presence of 14 spines and 14 soft rays on the dorsal fin, and the presence of 2 spines and 12 soft rays on the anal fin. A molecular analysis based on mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA sequences showed that this specimen is closely related to adult Chromis mirationis (d = 0.002), but that it differs from Chromis notata (d = 0.017). Juvenile C. mirationis differ from juvenile C. notata in having no melanophores on the posterior end of the anal fin base. We propose a new Korean name, "tti-ja-ri-dom" for C. mirationis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.631-639
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• 2016

China has a long history of sheep (Ovis aries [O. aries]) breeding and an abundance of sheep genetic resources. Knowledge of the complete O. aries mitogenome should facilitate the study of the evolutionary history of the species. Therefore, the complete mitogenome of O. aries was sequenced and annotated. In order to characterize the mitogenomes of 3 Chinese sheep breeds (Altay sheep [AL], Shandong large-tailed sheep [SD], and small-tailed Hulun Buir sheep [sHL]), 19 sets of primers were employed to amplify contiguous, overlapping segments of the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of each breed. The sizes of the complete mitochondrial genomes of the sHL, AL, and SD breeds were 16,617 bp, 16,613 bp, and 16,613 bp, respectively. The mitochondrial genomes were deposited in the GenBank database with accession numbers KP702285 (AL sheep), KP981378 (SD sheep), and KP981380 (sHL sheep) respectively. The organization of the 3 analyzed sheep mitochondrial genomes was similar, with each consisting of 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 13 protein-coding genes, and 1 control region (D-loop). The NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) and 8 tRNA genes were encoded on the light strand, whereas the rest of the mitochondrial genes were encoded on the heavy strand. The nucleotide skewness of the coding strands of the 3 analyzed mitogenomes was biased toward A and T. We constructed a phylogenetic tree using the complete mitogenomes of each type of sheep to allow us to understand the genetic relationships between Chinese breeds of O. aries and those developed and utilized in other countries. Our findings provide important information regarding the O. aries mitogenome and the evolutionary history of O. aries inside and outside China. In addition, our results provide a foundation for further exploration of the taxonomic status of O. aries.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2010

Four specimens of unknown Coilia sp. were collected for the first time from the Yellow Sea in 2008 and compared with Coilia mystus and Coilia nasus. Coilia sp. showed similar morphology to C. mystus and C. nasus, but differed in that its tail was considerably shorter. We conducted an analysis of the morphological and genetic characteristics in an effort to clarify the taxonomic position of Coilia sp. In counts and measurements, Coilia sp. were well distinguished from C. nasus by the number of scutes (42-44 in Coilia sp. vs. 40-45 in C. mystus vs. 45-55 in C. nasus), ratio of dorsal base length to head length (43.4-47.6 vs. 37.9-47.6 vs. 33.0-41.0), and eye length to head length (19.2-20.8 vs. 17.0-22.4 vs. 13.8-18.2). In caudal skeleton of Coilia sp., urostyle, hypural and epural bones were not observed; instead of them, caudal fin rays were supported by the last vertebra, neural and haemal spines' extension. The molecular phylogenetic relationship was analyzed using 414 base-pair 12S rRNA mitochondrial DNA sequences. The Kimura-2-parameter distance between Coilia sp. and C. mystus was 0.3%, but was 1.3% between Coilia sp. and C. nasus. Both the neighbor-joining tree and maximum-likelihood tree showed that Coilia sp. are closely clustered with C. mystus. Therefore, our results suggest that the Coilia sp. may be a deformed fish of C. mystus.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.340-346
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• 2014

In this study, the detection method was developed using real-time PCR to distinguish 4 species (bovine, porcine, horse, and chicken) of raw meats. The genes for distinction of species about meats targeted at 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA parts in mitochondrial DNA. Probes were designed to have a 5' FAM and a TAMRA at the 3' end. This study is to develop 4 species-specific primer and probes about raw materials and real-time PCR on 10 strains to observe the products of non-specific signal for similar species. As a result, any non-specific signal were not detected among each other. Real-time PCR method was developed for quantitation and identification of intentional and unintentional mixture in ground mixed meat (The difference of $C_T$ value between intentional mixture and 100% meat: $${\leq_-}$$ cycles, The difference of $C_T$ value between unintentional mixture and 100% meat: $${\geq_-}$$ cycles). The detection and differentiation of intentional and unintentional mixture in this study would be applied to food safety management for eradication of adulterated food distribution and protection of consumer's right.