• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2003

In most mountainous parts of the temperate zone of Japan along the Pacific Ocean, some climatic climax forests, whose main dominant species is Fagus crenate, F. japonica or Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, are distributed. In the riparian regions of the zone, however, there appear summer green forests composed of the different species from the climatic climax forests. Climate plays an important role in determining the overall distribution of vegetation, but some environmental factors, i.e., topography, soil type, soil moisture content, etc. have a great influence on vegetation formation. Riparian forests seem to be controlled by various geomorphologic disturbances, such as landslide, soil erosion and accumulation. The study aims to present the relationships among vegetation, soils and landforms in the process of determining riparian forests dominated by Fraxinus platypoda and Pterocarya rhoifolia establishment in the mountainous region of central Japan. The study area extends an area of 302 ha with a range of elevation between 925 m and 1,681 m at the Chichibu mountains. The landforms were corditied at sampling grids (25 $\times$ 25 m, n = 4,843) using a hierarchical system, and a brief description of the forest soil classification was also given. The mutual relationship analysis indicated that forest soils and landforms play a significant role in determining the geomorphological process of riparian forest, and shaping the ultimate pattern of vegetation. At the study area, riparian forests were mainly found on the $B_E$ forest soil type and steep slopes ( > 30$^{\circ}$) at convex slopes along the streams. On the other hand, the direction of slopes did not have a significant impact on the establishment of the riparian forests. A mosaic of patchy distribution of those riparian forests on the slightly wetter $B_E$ forest soil type was one of the characteristic features of the study area. This particular soil which contained large talus gravels was found on the land formed by erosion and deposition of landslide.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.65-72
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• 1999

This paper tried to find out the various symbolic meanings and functions of landscape elements which Capital City of Shilla Dynasty contains, and what is the symbolism and identity of the city. Basically, this research took the thought of the place and the theory of cognition on landscape as a research tool, and undertook the process of surveying the physical surroundings of the city such as mountains, forests, tumuluses, mountain fortress walls, etc. Especially, the study referenced to a myth, thought, and a tale related to them of the surroundings. The research scope in time had been reached to the year of BC 57 which is beginning year of Shilla Dynasty form AC 467 which is year of introduction of new urban block system delivered from Dang Dynasty of ancient China. The results of research showed symbolic meanings of mountains and forests which is surrounding the Shilla capital from 4 directions of east, west, south and north. Namely, it was the places that the king of the kingdom of Shilla decent into the earth from the heaven. Also, the tumuluses which are located on the center of the capital imitated the surrounding mountains in forms, meaned the place that the dead king rised to heaven. All of these symbolized the Capital City of Dynasty as a sacred city which linked the heaven to earth, and earth to heaven. Finally, this paper suggested the Kyongju which is one of the most representative historic and tourist city in Korea should reflect this kind of symbolic meaning of ancient Capital City of Shilla Dynasty in case of arranging the urban identity plan to promote the quality of urban environment of Kyongju.

• 대기
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.345-370
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• 2009

Numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were done to identify the role of the mountain ranges in the northern part of the Peninsula (referred as "the northern mountain complex"), in the occurrence of two heavy snowfall events over the Yeongdong region on 7-8 December 2002 and 20-21 January 2008. To this end, control simulations with the topography of the northern mountain complex and other simulations without the topography of the mountain complex were performed. It was revealed that the amount of snowfall over the Yeongdong region from the control simulation much more exceeded that of the simulation without the topography of the mountain complex. This increase of the snowfall amount over the Yeongdong region can be explained as follows: As the upstream flow approached the northern mountain complex, it deflected around the northern mountain complex due to the blocking effect of the mountains with a low Froude number less than ~0.16. This lead to the strengthening of northeasterly over the East Sea and over the Yeongdong region. The strong northeasterly is accompanied with much more snowfall over the Yeongdong region by intensifying air-mass modification over the sea and the orographic effect of the Taeback mountains. Thus, it was concluded that the topography of the northern mountain complex is one of the main factors in determining the distribution and amount of precipitation in the Yeongdong region when there is an expansion of the Siberian High toward the East Sea.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.468-479
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• 2002

태백 산지는 대체로 냉량하고 습한 편이지만, 강수량은 지역적으로 많은 차이를 나타내고 있다. 이와 같은 기후지형 환경과 관련하여 태백산지의 지형 및 토양환경은 기반암의 유형에 따라서 차이를 보인다. 북부의 금강산과 설악산 같은 화강암 분포 지역은 절리밀도의 차이를 반영하는 풍화 성향 때문에 암괴 노출이 심한 산지를 이루며, 미시령 일대의 편마암 분포 지역은 전사면이 흙으로 덮여있고 상대적으로 식생밀도가 높은 곳이다. 중부에서는 암괴 노출이 심한 타지역의 화강암산지와는 달리 박토상태지만 대체로 전사면이 흙으로 덮여있다. 이는 이 지역이 눈이 많고 서릿발 작용이 활발하여 화강암을 얇게나마 풍화시킬 수 있었기 때문이다. 남부에서는 급사면의 뾰족한 봉우리와 좁고 깊은 협곡을 이루는 석회암산지 및 완만한 사면지역의 여러 가지 용식지형이 발달한다. 이 지역에는 초본류나 관목류들이 연속성이 높게 분포하여 박토상태인 토양을 잘 보전하고 있다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.126-135
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• 2013

국토의 70%이상이 산지로 구성되어 있는 한국은 도시내부에 크고 작은 산, 언덕이 위치하고 있다. 따라서 건축구조기준에서는 건물의 풍하중 설계 시 지형의 영향에 따른 풍속의 증가를 고려하도록 하고 있지만 지형에 의한 풍속할증계수 산정 시 건물 주변에 두 개 이상의 산지가 위치하거나 지표면의 정의와 높이가 명확하지 않을 경우 설계자의 주관에 의해 지형에 의한 풍속할증계수를 산정함으로써 비합리적인 내풍설계가 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하고 보다 합리적인 지형에 의한 풍속할증계수를 산정하기 위하여 ArcGIS를 이용하여 지형에 의한 풍속할증계수를 산정하는 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 비교적 높은 위치정확도를 가진 1:5,000 수치지형도를 이용하여 지형에 의한 풍속할증계수 산정 시 적용범위를 명확하게 정의함으로서 지표면과 정점을 명료하게 산정하여 보다 합리적으로 지형에 의한 풍속할 증계수를 산정하였다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to detect the protection area around the Geum-buk and Geum-nam Mountains for making a sustainable ecological network. The protection area in the Geum-buk and Geum-nam Mountains was analyzed by using spatial data and a field survey for landscape conservation purposes. A survey scope was fixed using digital elevation model, and the protection area was finally determined based on the parcel map called as the Korea Land Information System (KLIS). Here we have several conclusions in this study. First, spatial data used in this study were a map of ecological and natural degree (MEND), forest distribution map, elevation map, slope map, and several maps for the protection area assigned by laws regarding to the natural resources. Second, we used 4 alternatives to determine the best choice for showing the ecological network in the study area. One alternative (alt. 3) of 4 ones was finally chosen as the best condition for making the ecological network. The condition in elevation and slope was a little modified to a lower level in alt, 3. The result derived from alt, 3 reflected the continuity and connectivity in the ecological network and we estimate that the protection area can protect the core area using the buffer zone around the ecological network. Finally the parcel-based protection area in the Geum-buk and Geum-nam Mountains had $493.92km^2$ of the core area, and $233.99km^2$ of the buffer zone, which means the parcel-based protection area increased by $97.76km^2$ in the core area, but decreased by $76.61km^2$ as of in the topographical map.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제103권1호
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• pp.12-22
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• 2014

본 연구는 백두대간 남부권역의 황악산, 박석산, 덕유산, 지리산 등 네 지역을 대상으로 복잡 다양한 천연림 군집을 분류하고 산림피복유형을 집약하였다. 점표본법을 이용하여 851개의 표본점에서 식생자료를 수집하였다. 조사된 식생자료를 대상으로 Cluster 분석을 실시하여 총 18개 군집으로 분류하였으며, 분류된 군집의 상층 수종 구성의 유사성을 바탕으로 중생혼합림형, 기타활엽수림형, 굴참나무-졸참나무림형, 신갈나무림형, 소나무림형, 서어나무림형, 구상나무림형 등 총 7개의 산림피복유형으로 집약하였다. 연구 대상지에서 신갈나무림형이 가장 넓게 분포하였고, 위도가 낮아질수록 신갈나무림형이 분포하는 평균해발고는 높아졌다. 중생혼합림형과 기타활엽수림형은 계곡에 많이 분포하였고, 신갈나무림형과 소나무림형은 능선 부위에 많이 분포하는 경향이 있었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.51-65
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• 1995

Conservation of the natural environiment In chosun-Dynasty, Korea, is analysed on the basis of the of official records of the king's offices(Chosun-wangjo-sillok). In the popular ideologies of the dynasty, Seongleehak(philosophy of humanity arid natural laws) and Pungsu (geomancy) , the naturnal enviroment is defined as an entity con-sisting of Cheon (heaven) , San(mnountains) , Su (water), Geumsu (animals)and Chomok (plants) .the notion of Tacksi-Tackmul(being careful to take natural resources at the right time) was one of the Cheonmyung (eavenly decrees) . It was believed that violation of this principle resulted in natural disasters. Sasan(four mountains surrounding Hansungbu-, the capital city, now Seoul) , were strictly preserved according to geomancy practices. In areas other than the capital city, Sanlimcheontack (mountains, forests, rivers and ponds) were con-served for sustained production of building materials especially pinetrees for ship building, foods, firewoods, horses, and orter useful natural resources. Various conservation policy insturuments were adopted. Prunning trees was permitted only in October. Capturing fishes was allowed only after the spawning period. Protection areas were designated in Sasan, Seongjoesiplee (surroundings of the capital city) , Geumsan(protected mountains), Kangmujang(hunting and army training grounds), Sijang(firewood areas), Mokmajang(horse ranches) and Neungyuk(royal tombs) . Activities prohibited for conservation purposes included cutting timbers, burning, building houses or tombs, dumping wastes, farming and breaking up fresh land, grazing, hunting and trespassing. Positive actions for conservation were rituals to Heaven ennoblement of natural elements such as mountians or rivers, planting trees, Boto (supplementing soil on low ridges) , Josan (mounding) and making ponds. Boto, Josan and making ponds were to make ideal terrains for geomancy. Many government bodies and civil servants were engaged in the conservation activities. For example, Sanjik(forest keeper) was a special position with responsibility for forest management.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.955-958
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• 2003

Nepal is a country of mountains The higher order geodetic points were mostly established on the top of mountains and these points were used for the geodetic network extension. Lower order geodetic control networks were established at different times and used for the surveying and mapping activities of the country.. It has been found that the rate of convergence between north and south borders of Nepal to be 21${\pm}$2 mm each year and the rate translation of Kathmandu to 55${\pm}$3 mm/year to the plates. The most intense deformation in Nepal occurs along the belt of high mountains along its northern border res ulting in a strain contraction rate normal to the Himalayan Arc. This belt is approximately 40 km wide and extends into southern Tibet.( 13). Recently Survey Department of Nepal has lunched a program of strengthening the existing geodetic network of Nepal and re-observed the position of higher order geodetic points by using geodetic GPS receivers to evaluate their position and thus to define the precision of the control points once again. This paper describes the observation procedure and the adjustment results of the existing higher order control network of Nepal established in different time using different types of equipment and techniques; and highlights the observation procedure and the result obtained after the post processing of the GPS observation results. Attempt has been made to give the procedure and identify the methodology for the re observation of existing higher order geodetic points by using GPS receiver and post processing the observed data so that the existing higher order geodetic points are within the given accuracy standard.

• 대기
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.361-376
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• 2021

"Gangwon Yeongdong Wind Experiments (G-WEX) Pilot Study: Downslope windstorms in the Taebaek Mountains, South Korea" is promoted based on joint organization by Gangwon Regional Office of Meteorology and National Institute of Meteorological Research and participation by 12 institutions to understand the mechanism in development of Yeongdong wind phenomena. The special observation (G-WEX) involved total of 5 intensive observations in March 2020 and April 2020. To collect the data necessary for the research on Yeongdong wind phenomena, (1) high-resolution surface observation network was used to examine surface wind and (2) atmospheric soundings were observed by using Rawinsonde, Wind profiler, Wind Lidar, and Drone. This study covers the detailed information on the special observational experiments for downslope windstorms in the leeward of the Taebaek Mountains, named as the Yeongdong wind, including the observational strategies, experimental designs, and pilot studies during the Intensified Observing Period (IOPs). According to 2020 G-WEX observation results, downslope windstorms were observed in 2~3 km of upper atmosphere when the strong winds happened around the top of the mountain near Daegwallyeong. Also, dry adiabatic expansion related to downslope windstorms caused temperature rise and led to formation of an inversion layer in altitude below 2.5 km. Bands of strong wind were located right under the altitude where downslope windstorms are observed with temporal rise of the temperature. As these are preliminary observation results, there needs to be continuous related researches and high-resolution weather observation.