• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.191-196
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• 2007

The Korean rural landscape has changed significantly due to nationwide modernization and industrialization in recent years. Moreover, as urbanization progresses due to population and economic growth, rural areas surrounding the suburbs of cities are feeling the pressure of encroaching urban sprawl. Use of land for human-made structures such as road and housing development is also increasing, resulting in the destruction of nature in rural areas. Adopting a concept of conserving rural landscape in future development projects is therefore highly desirable.The main focus of this study is to look into the traditional concept of the village and to classify some elements of the traditional rural landscape. Daegu Metropolitan City, the third metropolitan city in Korea, is chosen as the subject of the study. The existing 227 villages have been studied on the basis of their principles and types of village locations in relation to the traditional concepts of 'Feng-shui' and 'Tackriji'. The characteristics of the village location are divided into two aspects: the natural landscape, such as topography, hydrosphere, and azimuth, and the historical and cultural landscape, such as customs(Only the natural landscape aspect is included in this study). The natural landscape, a condition of the village location, is divided into three areas: topography, hydrosphere, and azimuth. There are two types of topography: flatland type and mountain type. There are two sub-types in the mountain type: ridge and valley, which depend on the village location in relation to the shapes of the mountains. There are four types of hydrosphere which include waterways and three directions of mountain depending on the shape: front, behind and side. The direction of the village is analyzed from the direction which the houses in the village face. Therefore, the natural landscape element as a condition of the village location is closely related to the traditional concepts of the village.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

This study's purpose was to provide basic data for the monitoring of ecological changes caused by change of vegetation structure of Abies koreana forest in a study site susceptible to climatic change in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, Jeju Island. Surveys revealed this: in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, per 1 ha of A. koreana forests, total number 1,781, and A. koreana number 989, accounting for 55.5% of the total number of trees. 190 A. koreana or 19.2% were found to be dead. For the number of individual trees by DBH, trees standing 5 cm - 10 cm tall formed the largest portion at 39.9%, and in the case of other trees except A. koreana, the number of individual trees below 5 cm accounted for 23.5% of the total number of trees. The survey of importance by height revealed this: at the top level, the importance of A. koreana was the highest at 106.23, but the sum of importance of temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees (Prunus maximowiczii, Quercus mongolica, and Taxus cuspidata) was higher at 142.84 than that of A. koreana. The analysis of species diversity revealed 0.645 species diversity for the tree layer and 0.817 for the shrub layer; for evenness, 0.549 for the tree layer and 0.664 for the shrub layer; for dominance value; 0.451 for the tree layer and 0.336 for the shrub layer. The analysis of tree vitality revealed that for the A. koreana forests in Yeongsil, the composition ratio of A. koreana by type is AS type>AL type>DS type>DB type, and that of the other trees is AL type>AS type>AF type>AB type. Compared with the forests in other areas, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area have a very high occurrence rate of dead trees, and a high importance of trees is shown in the deciduous broad-leaved tree forests. Compared with the A. koreana forests in the Jindallaebat area, with the same level above sea, the vegetation structures are fast changing. Also, due to dryness and other non-physical environmental changes caused by a lack of rainwater and dry winds in winter, dead trees are fast increasing in number. Environmental changes such as climate change diversely affect the maintenance of A. koreana in individual areas, and if environmental changes are fast and continue long, of the A. koreana forest areas in the Hallasan Mountain, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area will decrease fastest in number and will experience changes in the vegetation structure. Thus, it is necessary to survey the vegetation changes in A. koreana forests, which are distributed in all directions but are centered on Hallasan Mountain, and to thus conduct long-term monitoring and research.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.510-514
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• 2007

The main purpose of this study was to develop Mountain Search and Rescue System for enhancing search and rescue operations in the mountains. This study also focused on presenting an alternative to using a cellular phone for requesting rescue due to their unreliability in remote areas. This system is designed to help in the search and rescue of people in emergency situations in the mountains. It is composed of buzzer sensors, environmental information sensors, and a statistical analysis program. A key feature of this system is that it does not require an infrastructure of internet or CDMA networks for its operation in the mountains. The measure for the study was conducted by using a zigbee protocol analyzer, RF module and 433MHz Helical antenna to analyze the rate of data reception in relation to the distance between nodes. This system is applicable to mountains provided the distance between nodes is over 100 m and under 150 m.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2007

After researching 154 rural areas named 'valley' in Goesan County, Chungbuk Province, they are classified by 2 two classes. Firstly, villages located on the crossways valley are 109 of 154, they are located on the valley which is at right angles with a direction of light of a mountain range. A closed valley location is placed in the deep valley against a background mountain range. It is divided with closed large valley and small valley. Secondly, an open valley location style is 45 of 154. It means the villages are paralleled with a direction of mountain and located with same direction of entrance.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-19
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• 2018

This study tries to identify distributional characteristics of stream incision rates at 23 points in the northern part of the Taebaek Mountains. Soyang-gang, Naerin-cheon, Odae-cheon, Dong-gang and upper reaches of Okdong-cheon Rivers closed to the Range show higher incision rates and the rates clearly decrease with distance from the Range. Therefore, the incision process in the northern part of the Range has been greatly influenced by uplift around the Range, and the Sobaek Mountain Range seem to play a role in the incision process. Limestone areas show lower incision rates due to degradation of terrace surface by dissolution. This study suggests that local hydrological, geological and geomorphological conditions can be regarded as an important factor in stream incision rates, although stream incision rates are greatly influenced by regional uplift.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

Areas around of National Park have been severed eco-corridor of wildlife due to urban expansion and development. Habitats have been fragmented into small pieces. Habitat fragmentation reduces the biodiversity of organisms because the exchange loss and inbreeding of wild fauna and flora. The main cause of the fragmentation of ecological networks in areas around of Moodeungsan National Park are are that the cemetery, cutting of mountain, roads, public parking lots, mountain encroachment by land, urban infrastructure, electric transmission towers, urban area. Area around of National Park must be equipped with ecological networks through an ecological design that can communicate with each other in the national park and urban areas.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 1993

Domestic timber comsumption has increased dramatically in the past few decades in this country. In addition, there is increasing demand for recreational opportunities in the forest areas and concern for watershed management and soil conservation. However, it is difficult to satisfy these demands for forest resources because many of woodland owerners who make such demands possible move from mountain villages to modern cities. Therefore, whether or not it is in the public interest to invest in rurbanization is a central policy question. This is a case study which deals with mountain village problems for making forest resources.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2015

In March 2015, the milk quota system in Europe that had lasted for more than 30 years was abolished to improve the competitiveness of the European dairy sector in the international market. Despite an increase in the consumption of dairy products in Europe, the milk price is expected to stabilize in the next decade after a decrease between 2015 and 2016. This stabilization of prices will be caused by a significant increase in production, with the proportion exceeding domestic demand to be exported. In the international market, the price of milk will reduce in the next decade, leading to a restructuring of the milk sector with a lower number of farms, but with higher production and efficiency. Mountain farms will follow the same trend, although these farms play an important social role by providing ecosystem services such as maintaining cultural services, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting soil stability, and improving the aesthetic value of the landscape. Nevertheless, they remain at a disadvantage compared with lowland farms. To prevent the loss of mountain farms, there is thus a need to valorize the ecosystem services that they provide and promote the processing of milk into certified products of high quality.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

This study identifies the ways of utilizing abolition schools and the problems possibly caused by amalgamating small schools in agricultural, mountain and fishing villages. This study aims to find ways to collaborate with the communities based on the characteristics of the districts where schools might be abolished, which can contribute to the development of the society. Following results are integrated by the theoretical framework, social and educational necessities, and analysis of the current situation about the utilization of abolition schools. First, alternative schools, characterized schools, specialized high school can be established as the result of abolition schools that are caused by lack of people in the city. Second, since it is easy for people to access to the agricultural, mountain, and fishing villages near cities, abolition schools in these areas can be used as experience facilities or training places for students and teachers. Third, in case of the abolition candidate schools in the agricultural, mountain, and fishing villages in the districts, students and village people can use the schools for education and social purposes. Fourth, when abolition schools are independently located from the agricultural, mountain, and fishing villages, they can be used as self-service places or local peoples' places for business.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.40-52
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• 2021

Various peoples lived in Changbai Mountain in each era, and the peoples of each period regarded Changbai Mountain as part of their own religious culture. Existing studies on the culture of Changbai Mountain are conducted only based on the events of a specific period, but how the sacredness of Changbai Mountain has changed from time to time, how it is related to the religious culture of the people of each period, and how sacred the areas and spaces have changed. There has been no research to that extent. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the meaning of Changbai Mountain's sacredness that has changed from time to time. In order to examine the change of the sanctity of Changbai Mountain through synchronicity, the study focused on the hierophany occurring between the religious culture of the peoples of each period and the space of Changbai Mountain. Specifically, the activities to protect the sacred objects and sacred spaces revealed by the hierophany were considered, and the change of the sanctity of Changbai Mountain was interpreted with the derived results. The summary of the results of this study is as follows. The sacred activities of Changbai Mountain have changed from time to time. During the pre-Qing dynasty, civilians performed incarnation rites, holy god rites, mountain god ceremonies, and willow god rites for livelihood and survival, and the king of the Jin dynasty offered rituals to the Changbai Mountain gods as rituals such as Four Mountains(Yuezhen). During the Qing Dynasty, the emperor built Wangji Temple and sent a government official to make a ritual to the Changbai Mountain god as the best ritual to symbolize the country. In modern times, Bagua Temple was built on the top of Changbai Mountain and sacrifices were made to the Changbai Mountain gods, and the nature of Changbai Mountain. Humans living in Changbai Mountain area were judged through the tricks of the Bagua Mountain. In addition, during this period, civilians performed ritual activities centering on the god Shanshenlaobatou, who personified life and production. In summary, the sacred activities of Changbai Mountain were shamanistic rituals based on animistic ideology in the pre-Qing dynasty, the best imperial rites for honoring the sacred as an imperial sanctuary in the Qing dynasty, and the Taoist ideology of migrants in the modern period. It had been transformed into a ceremonial activity. And the meaning of Changbai Mountain, viewed as a sacred activity, was elevated from the mountain of livelihood in the pre-Qing dynasty to the mountain of the nation in the Qing dynasty, and then changed to the mountain of modern production.