• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2005

Background: Blunt thoracic trauma in children has a high morbidity and mortality. In this study, we assessed the significance of the injury pattern, mechanism and initial status in emergency department on severity and prognosis in pediatric blunt thoracic trauma patients. Method: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and chest X-ray and CT images of 111 pediatric blunt thoracic trauma patients from October 2000 to June 2005. Data recorded age, gender, season, injury mechanism, injury pattern, associated injury, length of hospital stay and cause of death. Result: Of all 111 patients, 68 patients were injured by motor vehicle accidents, 30 were falls, 5 were motorcycle accidents, 3 were sports accidents and 5 were miscellaneous. In thoracic trauma, single injury of lung contusion were 35 patients and 32 patients had multiple thoracic injuries. Hospital stay in school age group were longer than preschool age group. The causes of death were brain injury in 9, respiratory distress in 4, and hypovolemic shock in 2 patients. Emergently transfused and mechanically ventilated patients had higher mortality rates than other patients. Patients required emergency operation and patients with multiple thoracic injuries had higher mortality rates. Conclusion: In this study, patients with combined injury, emergency transfusion, mechanical ventilation, emergency operation, multiple injuries in chest X-ray had higher mortality rates. Therefore in these pediatric blunt thoracic trauma patients, accurate initial diagnosis and proper management is required.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the exposure and risk assessment of residents near asbestos mines in Korea. Methods: To assess asbestos types and airborne concentrations, air monitoring was performed in the neighborhoods of Kwangcheon (KC) and Sinsuk (SS) mines, which were leading South Korean mines in the past. In addition, activity-based-sampling (ABS) of residents' particular activities were conducted in order to estimate the Excess Lifetime Cancer Risks (ELCRs) for the residents. Conclusions: The average concentration of airborne asbestos in KC was 0.0014 f/cc and 0.0015 f/cc by PCM and TEM, respectively. In SS it was equal at 0.0012 f/cc by PCM and TEM. No statistically significant difference was found in the average concentration of airborne asbestos between the two mines. The average asbestos concentration of ABS was 0.0048 f/cc (PCM) and 0.0042 f/cc (TEM) in KC, while it was 0.0137 f/cc (PCM) and 0.0125 f/cc (TEM) in SS. It was found that the average asbestos concentration of ABS in SS was statistically significantly higher than that of KC (p<0.01). The results of ELCRs by scenario in KC showed that the scenarios of bicycle, car, weed control, weed whacking, child playing in the dirt, and physical training fell within $1{\times}0^{-6}-1{\times}10^{-4}$, which is the acceptable range of ELCR. The scenarios of motorcycle, walker, digging, and field sweeping, however, exceeded the acceptable range. In SS, only the scenario of car fell within the acceptable range, while all of the other scenarios exceeded the acceptable range.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2004

In adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder of no response to nonoperative treatment, an arthroscopic capsular release and manipulation improves range of motion and pain relief. We performed an arthroscopic examination in the stiff shoulder, of which she had no response to nonoperative treatment, after the conservative treatment of a clavicular shaft fracture by motorcycle-driver traffic accident. We found the intra-articular 'rotator interval bridging scar adhesion' between subscapularis tendon and antero-superior glenoid fossa under the rotator interval which was no adhesion and contracture itself. We performed the scar adhesion removal and synovectomy, maintaining the rotator interval. We recommended nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for postoperative pain relief and continuous active and passive range of motion (ROM) exercise to gain motions. Preoperatively, active and passive range of motion were 70° for forward elevation, 60° for abduction and especially 0° for external rotation. After postoperative 2 months, active ROM were 150° for forward elevation, 130° for abduction and 80° for external rotation. After postoperative 6 months, passive and active ROM were full. UCLA score improved from preoperative 9 points to postoperative 29 points.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.559-570
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• 2003

The focus of this research was concerned with studying lower body type for Korean adult males. To understand the features of men's lower body required to organize an optimal sizing system for men's tight-fit slacks, information from the measuring values based on research on the physical standard of the nation(l997) were summarized; in addition, a factor analysis and a cluster analysis among multivariate analyses were performed. In terms of the need for appropriate fit in motorcycle wear, basic lower body parts applying to each item had to be taken into consideration to enhance sizing suitability. In the case of the length of the lower limbs, the inclusion of protectors plays an important role in affecting sizing. The factors related to the lower body were defined as follows: Factor 1 was the vertical dimension of the lower body, Factor 2 was the horizontal dimension of waist and hip, Factor 3 was the horizontal dimension of the lower limbs, Factor 4 was the length of hips, and Factor 5 was the ankle height. The lower body part was also divided into 3 clusters. Cluster 1 referred to the smallest stature and skeleton structure among the 3 body types. Cluster 2 represented the biggest stature, with a thin lower limbs body type. Cluster 3 represented a medium stature but with a large skeleton structure of lower limbs, a muscular type. In conclusion, Cluster 2 appeared most in the 20s age groups, but Cluster 3 appeared most in each of the 30s, 40's, and 50's age groups.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.111-124
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• 2005

Small vessels of less then 20 tonnage and leisure boots such as motor boots, sailing yachts, water motorcycle, etc have been excluded from the rules and regulations such as Marine Leisure Safety Act, Ship Act and Ship Safety Act for a long time in Korea As a result, these small vessels and leisure boots have remained within the blind area of maritime safety and environment protection Among these vessels and boots, some leisure boots such as motor boots of 20 horse power or more(excluding motor boots equipped with engine inside the vehicles), water motorcycles and robber boots of 30 horse power or more are incorporated into the Marine Leisure Safety Act through the registry, safety inspection, insurance early 2005 in Korea In relation to the scope of application of the national Acts concerned, I consider the conflicts between Acts and suggest the subordinate enforcement ordinance and regulations.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.6-15
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• 2005

The overall area of Taiwan is 36,006 km$^2$ and population was about 22,535,000 persons in 2003. The population density became 625persons/km$^2$. The economic of Taiwan progress since 1970. Gross national production in 2004 increased by 2.3 trillion or 493% relative to 1981. The number of automobiles in 1981 was 821,862, and increase to 6,389,186 in 2004. The number of motorcycles in 1981 were 4,591,547 and increase to 12,793,950 in 2004. The vehicle growth rate of automobile and motorcycle was 677% and 178% respectively. The recycling end-of-life vehicles(ELVs) is specified in the Waste Disposal Act. Its main content is the system of asking the vehicle manufacturer and importing agents, who are responsible for recycling of the ELVs. The recycling task on ELVs was startedinitially in 1993. It is required that the manufacturers and importing agents deposit certain ratios of Waste Vehicle Disposal Fees proportional to the number of vehicle they manufacture and import into Taiwan under sales. This report will introduce the current status of ELVs recycling in Taiwan, and the future direction, as well as measures proceeding for the EPA- Fund Management Committee(RMFC) operating in the fiture.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.33-38
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• 2012

An free-fall object is received only force of gravity. Movement that only accept gravity is free-fall movement, and a free-falling object is free falling body. In other words, free falling body is only freely falling objects under the influence of gravity, regardless of the initial state of objects movement. In this paper, we assume, ignoring the resistance of the air, and the free-fall acceleration by the height does not change within the range of the short distance in the vertical direction. Under these assumptions, we can know about time and maximum height to reach the peak point from jumping vertically upward direction, time and speed of the car return to the starting position, and time and speed when the car fall to the ground. It can be measured by jumping degree and risk of accident from car or motorcycle in telematics.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.464-475
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• 1992

Head Injuries due to traffic accidents are now the leading cause of death and long term disability in males between 30-50 years. Many patients with head injuries experience mild dysfunction of cognition without major neurosurgical problems, and this may interfere with successful rehabilitation. However, not many studies have been done to investigate the cognitive functioning following mild head injuries. The purpose of this study was to obtain injured patient's dermographic data including medical, neuropsychological and social data, and to investigate the cause of injury and alcohol use at the time of injury. This study focused on the recovery of cognitive function in patients with head injuries and used the Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE) score and its correlation with dermographic and social data. Data on 77 patients with minor head injuries who were admitted to the department of Neurosurgery in 3 and I hospital in Dae Jun from September 1991 to February 1992 were analyzed. The findings of this study are as follows ; 1) Out of the 77 cases reviewed in this study, 62 were male, 15 were female. 2) A higher incidence of injury was observed between 7:00 PM and 12:00 PM. 3) The most common cause of head injury in traffic accidents was pedestrian accidents, and the next most frequent cause was motorcycle accidents. 4) Thirteen of the 77 cases in this study were under the influence of alcohol at the time of injury, and they were all male. 5) The MMSE scores one month after injury and at discharge were significantly lower in patients with head injuries that included skull fractures than in patients without skull fractures, suggesting lower cognitive function in patients with skull fractures. 6) The level of consciousness at admission and three days after admission measured by the GCS for drivers under the influence of alcohol was lower than for sober drivers. The MMSE score was also lower for drunken drivers. 7) The MMSE score one month after the injury had a reciprocal relationship with the age of the patient. 8) The MMSE score one month after the injury and at discharge were highly correlated with the duration of unconsciousness. 9) The MMSE score one month after injury and at discharge were highly correlated with the GCS scores at admission, three days after admission, and one week after admission.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.55-60
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• 2012

An free-fall object is received only force of gravity. Movement that only accept gravity is free-fall movement, and a free-falling object is free falling body. In other words, free falling body is only freely falling objects under the influence of gravity, regardless of the initial state of objects movement. In this paper, we assume, ignoring the resistance of the air, and the free-fall acceleration by the height does not change within the range of the short distance in the vertical direction. Under these assumptions, we can know about time and maximum height to reach the peak point from jumping vertically upward direction, time and speed of the car return to the starting position, and time and speed when the car fall to the ground. It can be measured by jumping degree and risk of accident from car or motorcycle in telematics.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.7 s.238
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• pp.1005-1012
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• 2005

An OHT(Over Head Transportation) vehicle is an example of the industrial monorail vehicle, and it is used in the automobile, semiconductor, LCD manufacturing industries. OHT vehicle is moved by main wheels and guide rollers. The major function of the main wheel is to support and drive the OHT vehicle. The roles of the guide roller is the inhibition of derailment and steering of the OHT vehicle. Since the required vehicle velocity becomes faster and the required load capacity is increased, the durability characteristics of the wheel and roller, which was made of urethane, need to be increased. So it is necessary to estimate the fatigue life cycle of the wheel and roller. In this study, OHT dynamic model was developed by using the multi body dynamic analysis program ADAMS. Wheel and roller are modeled by the 3-D surface contact module. Especially, motor cycle tire mechanics is used in the wheel contact model. The OHT dynamic model can analyze the dynamic characteristic of the OHT vehicle with various driving conditions. And the result was verified by a vehicle traveling test. As a result of this study, the developed model is expected to predict wheel dynamic load time history and makes a contribution to design of a new monorail vehicle.