• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.95-107
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• 2011

Recent intervention studies document that mother-child dyads with higher levels of Emotional Availability (EA) report fewer child behavior problems than dyads with lower EA. This study examines possible mechanisms that lead to this result by looking at the parent-child micro-system as a whole, with multi-dimensional relationships that include individual differences in the child's cognitive level, parental stress and parent-child interaction. A total 67 children ($1{\frac{1}{2}}$ to $5\;{\frac{1}{2}}$ years of age) and their mothers were videotaped during 30-min play interactions. Interactions were coded using the Emotional Availability (EA) Scales (Biringen, Robinson, & Emde, 1998). Mothers completed Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Child Behavior Checklist/$1\;{\frac{1}{2}}$ - 5, and the Ages Stages Questionnaire. The findings showed that mothers with higher levels of parenting stress were more likely to be intrusive, hostile, insensitive, and had a tendency to do less structuring in play. The children of stressed and depressed mothers demonstrated less involvement and responsiveness towards their mothers. Children who have higher dyadic EA scores experienced fewer externalizing and internalizing problems. SEM analyses results showed a mediation effect of EA on the association between maternal psychological well-being and child behavior problems. Fewer deficits in child communication skills and problem solving skills that were related with lower parenting stress and depression were associated with higher maternal non-intrusiveness. Higher non-intrusiveness was related to less internalizing and externalizing problems that indicated the indirect effect of child cognitive competence. Possible interpretations and implications of the study findings are discussed.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of parenting stress on children's problematic behavior in multicultural families. The subjects were 143 mothers who are caring for their 3-6 year old children in multicultural families. Data was collected using a parenting stress index and a child behavior check list. The data were statistically analyzed using a t-test, a one-way ANOVA(Scheff'e test), a correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study showed that there were no significant differences in parenting stress according to the socio-demographic variables. However, there were some significant differences in children's problematic behavior according to the mother's education. Correlation analysis indicated that the mother's parenting stress and children's problematic behavior in multicultural families had significant positive correlations in all sub-variables. It was also found that the mother's education, the mother's stress caused by a difficult child, the mother's stress caused by dysfuntional interactions between parents and children and educational distress, were all significant predictors of the preschool children's problematic behavior in multicultural families.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.231-239
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 영유아와 어머니의 일반적 특성, 사회적 지지 그리고 모아상호작용이 모아애착에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구는 서술적 조사연구로 자료수집기간은 2016년 3월 1일부터 9월 30일까지였다. 영유아기의 자녀가 있는 어머니 215명을 대상으로 자가 보고형 설문지를 이용하여 일반적 특성, 사회적 지지, 모아상호작용 그리고 애착에 대한 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 24.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, 집단간 평균비교, 상관관계 그리고 다중회귀분석으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 영유아의 특성 중 성별(t=3.200, p<.002), 연령(t=4.037, p<.001)과 기질(F=4.614, p<.011)에 따라, 어머니의 특성 중 연령(F=18.028, p<.001)과 학력(F=4.241, p<.016)에 따라 애착의 평균값이 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 애착은 사회적 지지(r=.507, p<.001) 및 모아상호작용(r=.571, p<.001)과 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 애착에 영향을 미치는 요인은 모아상호작용(${\beta}=0.361$, p<.001), 사회적 지지(${\beta}=0.309$, p<.001), 연령(30세미만)(${\beta}=-0.370$, p<.001) 그리고 결혼 기간(10년 미만)(${\beta}=-0.179$, p<.033)이었다. 애착에 중요한 영향을 미치는 사회적 지지와 모아상호작용을 높일 수 있는 중재 프로그램 개발이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.109-124
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to identify how child's gender, temperament, mother's stress and their interactions predict parenting behavior. The subjects were 97 2-year-olds(47boys; 50girls) and their mothers. Data were gathered by questionnaires. Results of a series of hierarchical regression analyses showed combinations of variables that predicted parenting behaviors : (1) mothers reported higher over-protectiveness toward girls and when they were under higher stress. (2) An interaction effect showed that mothers with sons who had higher 'difficult' temperaments reported greater over-protective parenting under greater stress. (3) There were no significant differences in over-protective parenting under low stress, regardless of the level of difficult temperament. (4) Mother's stress was a strong predictor of supportive parenting behaviors.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1355-1364
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• 1999

Mother and infant relationship has a great influence on child's developments. In this study, nursing intervention to increase maternal sensitivity to the infant's cues was applied to 25 primiparas (Experimental Group). Mother and infant interacations of these primiparas were compared with those of 25 primiparas (Control Group) who did not receive the nursing intervention. Fifty primiparas and infants were recruited from a university hospital, a general hospital, and an OBGY clinic located in Taegu city. Mother and infant interactions were assessed at 6 weeks after birth using videotapes. Feeding situations were videotaped and two trained observers analyzed the tapes. Data were collected from March 23rd to July 27th of 1998. Mother and infant interactions during feeding were assessed by the response rating scale which was modified by the author based on NCAST feeding scale (Barnard, 1978a) and AMIS scale (Price, 1983). The validity of the modified rating scale was verified by faculty members and researchers who previously had research experience in the area. Cronbach's Alpha of the modified scale for this study was .90. The data was analyzed by SAS program, using wilcoxon rank sums test, chi square test, Fisher's exact test, and ANOVA. Findings were as follows: 1. Mothers in the experimental group were more likely to have higher scores in mother and infant interactions during feeding than mothers in the control group. 2. Mothers in the experimental group showed better sensitivity to infant's signals or cues, provided growth fostering, and had higher responsibility to the infant's distress than mothers in the control group. 3. Infants in the experimental group showed higher clarity of cues and responsibility to the mother's behaviors than infants in the control group. 4. Mothers and infants in the experimental group showed higher synchronic responses than mothers and infants in the control group. In conclusion, this study has shown that the applied nursing intervention promoted mother and infant interaction among primiparas. Therefore, this study suggests that the nursing interventions to increase maternal sensitivity to the infant's cues should be broadly applied to primiparas, which can be beneficial to the social, affective, and cognitive developments of their children.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.165-180
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• 2012

The purpose of the study was to prove the effect of the "Picture Book Reading Program for Mothers" developed to enhance the language competence of married immigrant women and their children. Twenty immigrant mothers with three-year-olds were recruited, and they participated in an 8-week-Picture Book Reading Program developed by the reseacher. The REVT and U-TAP were used to measure linguistic abilities for mothers while PRES was used to measure their children's linguistic abilities. Lee(2004)'s "Effect of dialogic picture book reading teacher training program for toddlers" was used to measure the mother's and children's verbal and non-verbal behaviors. The results of the study were as follows: First, by participating in the PBRPM, the mother's linguistic ability as well as children's vocabulary and receptive language have increased. Second, by participating in the PBRPM in terms of mother-child interaction, mother's verbal behaviors to children (i.e. attention and inquiring) and children's verbal behaviors(i.e. responding and imitation) have increased. In conclusion, "PBRPM" for married immigrant women and their children proved to be effective in enhancing the language competence and verbal interactions between married immigrant women and their children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.444-455
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• 2005

Purpose: This study examined the efficacy of parent training interventions to facilitate social reciprocity and language development in children with autism. Methods: The social interaction behaviors of mothers and children over time were compared using single subject design experimentation methodology. five children who were diagnosed with autism and their mothers participated in the study. The participants were recruited from U city, Korea. The mothers were trained using training videotapes and demonstrations on how to facilitate social interaction with their children as well as promoting language development. following the training, data were collected three times per week by video taping mother-child interaction in their homes. Results: Four of the five mothers demonstrated increases in the use of imitation with animation and expectant waiting after the intervention compared to the baseline sessions; the children demonstrated noticeable increases in the use of initiation of interaction, vocalizations, and verbal production after their mothers received the training intervention. Conclusion : Results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of mother training to improve social interactions of children with autism. Additional important information can be gained by replicating this study with more participants and comparing intervention and control groups. Clearly, this intervention shows promise and has implications far clinical practice.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.269-279
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• 2022

Purpose: This study investigated the factors that influence parenting stress, including hardiness, parent-child interactions, and social support, to provide basic data for developing a program to reduce parenting stress in North Korean refugee mothers. Methods: A descriptive study design was used. Data were collected between September and December 2021, and 123 North Korean refugee mothers participated. Results: The mean scores were 69.42 out of 135 for hardiness, 48.45 out of 144 for interactions, 47.32 out of 90 for social support, and 51.84 out of 90 for parenting stress. The parental distress score was higher than that of child-related stress. Hardiness was significantly related to North Korean refugee mothers' parenting stress. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the explanatory power for hardiness and the number of supporters was approximately 19% for parenting stress (F=6.84, p<.001). As such, the factors with a relatively strong influence on parenting stress were hardiness (β=-.40, p<.001) and having four or more supporters (β=-.27, p=.027). Conclusion: This study's findings suggest the need to identify ways to increase North Korean refugee mothers' psychological hardiness and encourage them to extend their sources of social support and enhance their style of parenting.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.5-15
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• 1995

The quality of mother-infant interaction during early postpartum period has a significant influence on the child growth and development in many aspects. The mother's initial perception of the newborns might have the lasting influence on the development of the mother-infant attachment and mother-infant relationship. Therefore the proper mother-infant interaction should be developed after infant birth. However, it is acknowledged that the high risk infants influence on the mothers' perception because of their abnormalities or disorders of physical condition and the restricted maternal contacts and interactions. The object of this study is to identify the difference of mother's perception of their normal and high-risk newborn during the early postpartum period. The ultimate goal is to contribute to use this basic data to develop nursing intervention toward the promotion of healthy mother-infant relationship and the helping of growth and development of children. The data were collected for this study from Sep. 21, 1990 to Oct. 1. 1991 at E University Hospital. The sample was 83 of mothers who had normal newborns and 73 mothers who had high risk newborns .The instrument was Neonatal Perception Inventory(NPI) designed by the Broussard for the measurement of mothers' perception of newborns about Average Baby and Your Baby. The data were analysed by using an SPSS Program and include percentage mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The normal newborn mothers' perception is more positive than the high-risk newborn mothers(t=7.94, p=0.000). 2. Mothers' perception of the newborns is not related significantly to mothers' general characteristics. In conclusion, in order to promote positive, healthy mother-infant relationship, the nurse need to support, give information, and educate high-risk newborn mothers through early nursing assessment.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a mother-fetus interaction promotion program aimed at enhancing the sensitivity of primiparas, and to evaluate the effects of a mother-infant play interaction. Method: Participants were recruited from OB-GY clinic with postpartum take-care center (17 mother-infant dyads for intervention group and 17 dyads for control group). Data were collected from January 18 to August 5, 2005. For the intervention group, programmed education which focused on mother-fetus interaction in the 3rd trimester was given. For the two groups, home visiting or a postpartum care center was used for data collection of the mother-infant interaction which was conducted at postpartum 1 week and 1 month. Also mother-infant interactions during feeding were videotaped and two trained observers analyzed the tapes. Results: A significant difference was found in mother-infant interaction between the two groups (postpartum 1 week, t=6.10, P=0.000, 1 month t=6.69, p=.000). For variations in mother-infant interaction in the control group, a significant difference was found in between postpartum 1 week and 1 month (t=-2.564, p=.021). In subscale analysis, interactional behavior of the infant significantly increased in both groups. Conclusion: This study showed that the mother-fetus interaction promotion program aimed at promoting mother-infant interaction increase maternal sensitivity. Therefore, this study suggests that this nursing intervention to increase maternal sensitivity to the fetus should be broadly applied with primiparas, as it can be beneficial for formation of the mother-infant relationship, and for promotion of the social, emotional, and cognitive developments of the children.