• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2009

The relations of mothers' attitudes regarding maternal employment to mothers' psychological well-being, mothers' parenting sensitivity and children's social competence were examined for mothers who worked full-time (extensively) from age 6 months of their children on, mothers who were not employed, and mothers who worked part-time or inconsistently during their children's early years. Longitudinal observations of 1,034 mothers and children in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care from age one month to first grade were analyzed using structural equation models. As predicted, mothers and children benefited when maternal attitudes were consistent with mother's actual employment status. Among extensively employed mothers, those with positive attitudes about employment had better psychological well-being; among mothers who were not employed, those who believed that maternal employment would have negative consequences for children's development reported better psychological well-being. The findings suggested that whether the mother's status of employment is congruent with their beliefs, not whether the mother is working or not, predicted the mother's well-being and their child's social development.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.236-242
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviors of middle school students according to their mother's employment status. Of all 453 subjects, 52.1% were boys, and 67.5% of the mothers were employed. The total score of nutritional knowledge was 8.0 out of 10 for students with a non-working mom and 7.7 for those with a working mom, showing no significant difference. Among the 20 nutritional knowledge questions, correct answer rates for "lots of fruits may be eaten because of not gaining weight" (72.6% vs. 81.6%, p<0.05) and "eating raw carrots is better than eating fried ones with oil" (34.6% vs. 44.9%, p<0.05) were significantly higher in students with a working mom. The regularity of meals showed a significant difference according to the mother's employment, indicating that responses of "very regular" (62.4% vs. 72.1%) were high among students with a non-working mom and responses of "skipping breakfast" (31.4% vs. 19.7%) were higher in students with a working mom (p<0.05). The number of snacks a day was also significantly different according to the mother's employment, showing that 12.8% of the students with a working mom and only 3.4% of them with a non-working mom did not eat snacks at all (p<0.05). These results reveal no significant difference in middle school students' nutritional knowledge according to their mother's employment status; however, the students whose mother had a job were more likely to have more undesirable dietary behaviors such as irregular meals and snacking.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2012

This study examined the parenting beliefs and the achievement pressure of Korean mothers with five to seven year old children. The maternal parenting beliefs criterion (Ahn, 2001) and achievement pressure criterion (Hong, 2001) have been applied to 212 mothers living in Seoul or Kyonggi-Do area and analyzed. The results showed that the maternal parenting beliefs were influenced by the child's gender, while the maternal achievement pressure was not. And significant difference was seen only in between the educational background and the maternal parenting beliefs, and the employment status and interaction effects were not shown.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.921-927
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• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the nutritional knowledge and dietary habits by gender and a mother's employment status for middle school students. The subjects consisted of 423 students (212 boys and 211 girls). As for mother's employment status, 61.7% of the mothers were working, and 38.3% were housewives. The results from the analysis on differences of nutritional knowledge and dietary habits showed that girls tended to have a higher nutritional knowledge than boys (p<0.01). In terms of dietary habits, boys appeared to have more desirable eating habits than girls. As for the mother's employment status, only students whose mothers were doing housework tended to have higher nutrition knowledge and more positive dietary habits than students whose mothers were working. The influence of nutritional knowledge was found to have a significant effect on dietary habits (p<0.001). In addition, nutritional knowledge (B=0.168, p<0.01) turned out to have an influence on dietary habits, where a higher nutritional knowledge produced more positive dietary habits. Considering the results described above, nutritional knowledge appears to have a significant influence on dietary habits. Therefore, instructions on the importance of nutritionally well balanced meals must to be reinforced in nutritional education.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of family mealtime and family functioning (family cohesion, family adaptability, and communication with father and mother) on early adolescent school adaptation. Data of 3,145 middle school students from the Survey on the Family Values and Lives among Adolescents(2010) conducted by National Youth Policy Institute(NYPI) were used. The findings are as follows. First, there were significant differences in the frequency of having breakfast and dinner with father and having breakfast with mother, family cohesion, and communication with father according to gender. Second, hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that household economic status, mother's employment status and adolescents' gender among demographic characteristics, having breakfast with father and having dinner with mother in family mealtime frequency, and all the variables of family functioning predicted adolescents' school adaptation. Finally, economic status, having dinner with mother, family cohesion, and communication with father and mother were associated with adolescents' school adaptation for both boys and girls. Mother's education and having breakfast with father were found to be significant for only boys, while mother's employment status and family adaptability were found to be significant for only girls. These findings could provide grounds for making family and education policy.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.63-79
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• 2015

본 연구는 어머니의 취업여부에 따른 가족환경의 제반여건이나 심리적, 물리적 환경이 어떻게 다른지 살펴보고, 어떤 요인들이 취업모와 비취업모의 결혼만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인인지 살펴보았다. 첫째, 어머니의 취업여부에 따른 가정환경 변인을 분석한 결과, 먼저 양육환경에서는 비취업모가 취업모에 비하여 양육스트레스가 높으며 남편의 양육협조를 받지 못했다. 또한, 어머니의 개인변인에서 취업모의 자아존중감이 비취업모에 비해 높은 편인 반면, 비취업모는 우울감 수준이 유의하게 높았다. 또한, 아버지 개인 변인에서 남편이 지각하는 부부갈등 수준이 아내가 취업한 경우에 높았다. 아동변인에서는, 비취업모가 자신의 자녀가 좀 더 부정적인 정서를 보이며 까다로운 편이라고 지각하는 것으로 나타났다. 취업모의 자녀가 발달 상태에 있어서는 정상발달 범주에 포함되는 비율이 더 높았다. 둘째, 부인의 취업여부와 관계없이 부부갈등은 결혼만족도에 유의한 부적영향을 미쳤으며, 남편의 양육협조와 남편의 결혼만족도는 부인의 결혼만족도에 정적영향을 미쳤다. 취업여성의 결혼 만족도에 영향을 미치는 변인으로 부인의 최종학력이 유의한 변수로 나타났다. 이 연구는 영아기 가정의 가정환경을 어머니의 취업여부를 중심으로 비교 모색하였고, 어떤 변수들이 영아기 자녀의 어머니의 결혼만족도에 영향을 미치는지 규명했다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있겠다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.43-56
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• 2010

This study explored time-use patterns of young children and compared the patterns according to mother's employment status. Using 6718 time diaries of 3359 children under age 5, as reported by their mothers, this study examined (1) the proportion of children who spent time on certain activities and the amount of time they spent on each activity for a weekday and a weekend day and (2) the proportion and the amount of time that children spent with certain adults. Compared to children with unemployed mothers, children with employed mothers spent more time during weekdays in child care centers and less time sleeping. These children also spent more time on education during weekends. The proportionate and actual times children spent with various adults also differed by the mother's employment status. Those with employed mothers spent less time with their mothers and more time with other relatives or teachers on weekdays. These results indicate that maternal employment corresponds with differing timeuse patterns from children's early life stages.

• 아동학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.129-144
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to focus on the effects of a mother's characteristics and self-awareness as they impact upon parenting stress, with the additional aim of creating an appropriate structural equation model. The subjects of the study comprised 2078 newborn children (and their mothers) taken from the $1^{st}$ year of the Korea Children's Panel. The results of the research are as follows. The mother's feeling of pregnancy, her income activity, religion, and educational level impacted significantly upon self-awareness, whereas employment status did not. In addition, the feeling of pregnancy and income activity had a effect on parenting stress both directly and indirectly. Educational level and religion impacted on parenting stress indirectly through self-awareness. Both employment status and self-awareness were found to have impacted on parenting stress directly. The implication of these findings are also discussed.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2004

This study investigated female-head's employment and household economic status of the single-mother households compared to those in the two-parent households using the data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study. Major findings are: first, female-heads showed lower educational attainment, lower labor force participation rate, lower occupational status, and lower wage rates than male-heads; second, the level of household income was as 1.3 times as the Minimum Living Cost and the level of household expenditure was close to the Minimum Living Cost; third, one-thirds of single-mother households were in poverty. Based on the results, the implications to public policy were suggested.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.22-34
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• 1993

The purposes of this study are as follows: 1) To estimate the amounts of differences in service expenditures resulting from the effects of mother's marital and employment status. 2) To find out the relationship of socio-economic variables to expenditures for time-saving durables and services Data were taken from the 1988-1989 Consumer Expenditure Survey. The sample consisted of 2,216 families with 334 single-mother families and 1,792 married-mother families. Tobit regres-sion analyses were used to test of variables related to expenditures for (a) food away from home. (b) clothing care (c) child care (d) domestic services and (e) total services. The results of this study were as follows; 1) The percentage difference from non-employed married-mother families was higher for employed single-mother families than for other types of families indicating the positive effect on expenditures on market substitutes of mother's marital and employment status. 2) The father's wage rate was associated only with expenditures for domestic services. A positive relationship was found between family nonlabor income and domestic services Total family income was positively associated with expenditues for all dependent variables. There was a negative relationship between expenditures for child care and age of mother squared. Mother's education was associated with expenditures in all categories. Families of nonwhite spent less on time-saving durables. food away from home, and total services and spent more on apparel services than families of white mothers. The presence of young child was positively related to total services and child care services and negatively related to food away from home.