• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

Recently, it has been reported that morphologically and genetically different two Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus, Pallas, 1771), in Mainland and in Jeju island. Until now, this roe deer has not been clearly taxonomy of Siberian roe deer in Korean peninsula. So, the aim of this study was to compare the skull morphometrics of mainland and Jeju roe deer to obtain more information on the species status of C. pygargus and study the distribution of roe deer subspecies in this region. A total of 50 skulls of adult roe deer was compared and analyzed. The maximum skull length, condylo-basal length, basilar length, maximum skull width, cheek-bone width, interorbital width, rostrum length, length of upper tooth row from the Siberian roe deer in Jeju island were significantly smaller than those of the deer in mainland. Length of the skull was the principal factor of interpopulational variability in roe deer. Variation was not distributed along latitude, longitude, or elevation, but those factors did influence the variation through effects on primary production, which in turn caused isolated differences in skull morphology apparently related to types of forage selected by roe deer in various geographic areas. According to the analysis results of the skull characters, Mainland roe deer was more similar to C. p. tianschanicus which is a subspecies of Siberian roe deer. In addition, Jeju roe deer showed distinct differences compared to European roe deer, 3 subspecies of Siberian roe deer, so it appeared that they could be a unique native species inhabited only in Jeju Island. Because Siberian roe deer in Jeju Island can be classified at subspecies level in this study.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.228-239
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Following tooth loss, the edentulous alveolar process of maxilla is affected by irreversible reabsorption process, with progressive sinus pneumatization leads to leaving inadquate bone height for placement of endosseous implants. Grafting the floor of maxillary sinus by sinus lifting surgery and augmentation of autologous bone or alternative bone material is a method of attaining sufficient bone height for maxillary implants placement and has proven to be a highty successful. Purpose: This study was undertaken to clarify the morphometric characteristics of inferior maxillary sinus and alveolar process for installation of implants. Material and method: Nineteen skulls (37 sinuses, 10M / 9F) obtained from the collection of the department of anatomy and cell biology of Hanyang medical school were studied. The mean age of the deceased was 69.9 years (range 44 to 88 years). The distance between alveolar border and inferior sinus margin at each tooth, the height of alveolar process and the thickness of cortical bone of the outer and inner table of alveolar process and the inferior wall of maxillary sinus were measured. Results and Conclusion: 1. The septum of inferior maxillary sinus were observe 28 sides (76.%) and located at the third molar (52.6%) and the second molar (26.3%). The deepest points of inferior border of maxillary sinus were located the first or second molar. The distance between alveolar margin and the deepest point of inferior maxillary sinus is $9.7{\pm}4.9mm$. 2. The length of the outer table of alveolar process were $4.9\sim28.2mm$ and the shortest point was between the first and the second molors. The thickness of them were $0.9\sim3.2mm$. The length of the inner table of alveolar process were $7.4\sim25.8mm$ and the shortest point was between the first and the second molars. The thickness of the were $0.9\sim4.6mm$. The results of this study are useful anatomical data for installing of maxillary implants.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.85-100
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• 1981

Serial lateral cephalometric radiographs of 40 Korean children(25 males, 15 females) ranging in age from 6 to 13 years were studied by means of computer morphometrics and statistical analysis. As a result of this study, the following conclusions can be made: 1. In both sexes, the mean growth patterns of the face were very stable and the growth directions of the face were more prominent both forward and down-ward away from the cranial base(S-N). 2. In the mandible, the rotation and the 'wave-like' manner of migration were observed. 3. The size of the lateral faces in males was larger than females at 6 and 13 years of age, and the forms of the lateral faces in males were slightly more squares than females at 13 years of age. 4. The sex differences and practical means in the growth increments and growth rates during 7 years of the growth period were as follows: (1) In the total face, there was a significant sex difference in the growth increments(males $26.21cm^2$, females $23.24cm^2$) and growth rates(males $42.02\%$, females $39.28\%$). (2) In the facial surface 1, there was a significant sex difference in the growth increments(males $21.30cm^2$, females $19.19cm^2$) but there was no significant sex difference in the growth rates(males $41.35\%$, females $39.10\%$). (3) In the anterior total facial height(N-Ne), there was no significant sex difference in the growth increments(males 18.23mm, females 17.45mm) and the growth rates(males $18.44\%$, females $18.19\%$). (4) In the posterior total facial height(S-Go), there was a significant sex difference in the growth increments(males 14.61mm, females 12.98mm) but there was no significant sex difference in the growth rates(males $23.78\%$, females $22.25\%$). 5. The percentages of anterior upper facial height to anterior total facial height in both sexes were very stable in spite of the age increase. 6. The percentage of total facial height to standing height was reduced by the age increase, and the reduced rate of anterior total facial height(males $13.26\%$, females $13.75\%$) was larger than the posterior total facial height(males $9.95\%$, females $11.70\%$). 7. The correlations of lateral facial surfaces to the standing height and the weight were higher in males than females, but the level of correlation in males was in the moderate range.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.164-174
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• 2016

Tanakius kitaharae and Glyptocephalus stelleri, belonging to the family Pleuronectidae, were very similar in external morphology not only during adult periods, but also during larval periods. In this study, we compared larval development and growth of the two pleuronectids species in detail. Fifty-eight specimens of T. kitaharae larvae and five specimens of G. stelleri larvae were collected from the East Sea, southern Korean Strait, and the adjacent waters of Jeju Island during 2014~2016, and were identified using morphological and molecular markers. Flexion larvae of T. kitaharae (10.23~16.77 mm total length, TL) and G. stelleri (14.33 mm TL) were similar in morphometrics, but can be distinguished by the melanophores in the fin membranes (present in the former vs. absent in the latter), and the melanophores at posterior margin of shoulder girdle (absent in the former vs. present in the latter). Postflexion larvae of T. kitaharae (17.12~24.92 mm TL) and G. stelleri (27.71~32.95 mm TL) differed in the number of melanophores on the mid-lateral caudal region (two in the former vs. five in the latter), and that on the dorsal and anal fin pterygiophores (five or six in the former vs. one row in the latter). Tanakius kitaharae and G. stelleri larvae differed in size at the beginning of metamorphosis. The left eye of T. kitaharae larvae between 23.13~24.92 mm TL reached the dorsal margin of the head while that of G. stelleri larvae between 38.66~42.67 mm TL did not reached yet.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.300-311
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• 2013

Subalpine species, Sorbus pohuashanensis in the Korean peninsula, which is assumed to be evolved from hybridization between S. commixta and an unknown species based on the flavonoids data. Morphometric analysis was conducted on the basis of 19 leaf and flower (or fruit) characters. A total of 721 samples in 13 populations of Sorbus pohuashanensis and S. commixta from Korea and additional specimens of S. commixta, S. pohuashanensis, and S. wilsoniana from Japan and China were examined to reveal the hybridization patterns and morphological differences. We found a preliminary evidence where Korean mountain rowan is more related to a Chinese inland taxon, S. wilsoniana, rather than Northeastern Chinese S. pohuashanensis in terms of flavonoids. The current morphological structure of the Korean mountaion rowan, however, which is more similar to S. commixta, was neither associated with that of S. wilsoniana nor that of S. pohuashanensis. This indicates that this morphological variation represents an intermediate of S. commixta and S. wilsoniana via a more ancient hybridization event in terms of qualitative characters, such as stipules, buds, and carpels. These morphometric differences together with other distinguishing characteristics suggest that the Korean mountain rowan should be considered as a conspecific species of S. commixta, although this demonstration of hybridization with the current phenetic species concept contradicts longstanding historical species concept.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.5 s.112
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• pp.398-407
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• 2005

The present study was conducted to examine the morphometrics and function of the disk on both sides among patients with facial asymmetry (FA) and to elucidate plausible correlations between internal derangement (ID) and FA. The sample was composed of 10 males and 27 females with FA. The disk status of all subjects was evaluated by bilateral high resolution magnetic resonance scans in the sagittal (closed and open) and coronal (closed) planes. Five types of disk displacement were identified accordingly. The disk function was diagnosed as normal disk function, disk displacement with reduction, and disk displacement without reduction. The disk shape on sagittal MRI in closed position was classified as bi-concave, biplanar, funnel/hemiconvex, and deformed. The disk position, translation and rotation were also measured. The difference between the shifted side and non-shifted side was analyzed by statistical analysis. Approximately $70\%$ of the patients in the present study showed unilateral or bilateral ID. It was found that anterior disk displacements (ADD), especially rotational ADD, occurred more frequently in the shifted side, while normal disk position was observed mainly in the non-shifted side (p<0.01). The disk of the shifted side showed significantly deformed configuration and inferior-anterior disk position. However, the disk of the non-deviated side showed hyper-mobility during jaw opening movement. These results demonstrate that in FA patients, the disks status of the shifted side is different from that of the non-shifted side, a phenomenon that could be correlated to facial asymmetry.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 1996

During a study to document more fully the parasitic ciliates of Korean freshwater fishes, we found numerous small ciliates in the gills and skin of crucian carp, Carassius carassius. Cursory examination indicated that the ciliate were very similar with Chilodonella sp. In this study, we described the morphometrics of this ciliate in detail and compared with other species of Chilodonella in the world. Numerous small ciliates were observed in the body surface, fins and gills of infected fish and excessive mucus production were seen in those fish. Sometimes ulcer was observed in the body of moribund fish. From the scrutinized observation of the parasite, it was identified as Chilodonella hexasticha. The parasite was dorsoventrally flattened body, without a notch in the posterior margin, and it measured 30-$45{\mu}m$ long and 15-$30{\mu}m$ wide. In number of kineties, the right band ciliature was 3-5 and the left band ciliature was 3-5. The right ventral ciliary band shaped arch and was longer than the left, straight band. It had a single oval macronucleus, 8-$15{\mu}m$ in diameter, a single micronucleus, 2-$4{\mu}m$ in diameter. The cytopharynx was reinforced by 10-16 conspicuous nematodesmata, which shaped like a tube and curved at its inner end. Two contractile vacuoles, one anteriorly at right and the second posteriorly at left were observed in wet mounts. This parasite reproduced by a simple division at $22{\pm}1^{\circ}C$.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.123-140
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• 1985

Variation in the facial pattern and effect of the rotational jaw growth on the facial proportion were studied in serial cephalometric radiographs of 40 Korean children (25 boys, 15 girls) ranging in age from 6 to 13 years. According to Y-axis (N-S-Gn) growth change during the 7 years of period, the subject who had exhibited 'wave-like' manner of Y-axis growth change within ${\pm}\;2^{\circ}$ was classified to the Parallelwise group and the subject who had exhibited Y-axis increase more than $+2^{\circ}$ was classified to the Clockwise rotation group and the subject who had exhibited Y-axis decrease more than $-2^{\circ}$ was classified to the Counterclockwise rotation group. For the comparison of each group, a total of 22 morphologic variables were employed and the data were analyzed by means of computer morphometrics and statistical methods. On the basis of the finding of this study, the following trends were established. 1. The Parallelwise group was $75\%$, the Clockwise rotation group was $12.5\%$ and the Counter-clockwise rotation group was $12.5\%$. 2. The growth pattern of cranial base was related to the rotation of mandible. 9. Maxillary prognathism was occured in the Counterclockwise rotation group and the rotation of palatal plane was occured in the Clockwise rotation group. 4. Mandibular prognathism was occured in the Parallelwise and the Counterclockwise rotation groups, especially in the Counterclockwise rotation group. 5. The degree of maxillo-mandibular divergency was constant in the Clockwise rotation group but decreased in the Counterclockwise rotation and the Parallelwise groups, especially in the Counterclockwise group. 6. There were no differences in the size of the anterior upper facial height (N-ANS) and the posterior lower facial height ((Go-Me)-PNS) but there were differences in the size of the anterior lower facial height (ANS-Me) and the posterior upper facial height ((S-N)-PNS) between each group. 7. The growth increment and the size of the facial depth was not related to the growth pattern of the face but the growth increment and the size of the facial height was related to the growth pattern of the face. 8. Proportional change due to the facial growth rotation was concentrated in the anterior lower face. 9. The most apparent difference between each group was happened in the size of the posterior cranial base (S-Ba) and the facial length (S-Gn).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2009

A review was given of the role of traditional morphometrics in plant morphological studies using 54 published studies in three major journals and others in Korea, such as Journal of Korean Forestry Society, Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy, Korean Journal of Breeding, Korean Journal of Apiculture, Journal of Life Science, and Korean Journal of Plant Resources from 1997 to 2008. The two most commonly used techniques of data analysis, cluster analysis (CA) and principal components analysis (PCA) with other statistical tests were discussed. The common problem of PCA is the underlying assumptions of methods, like random sampling and multivariate normal distribution of data. The procedure was intended mainly for continuous data and was not efficient for data which were not well summarized by variances or covariances. Likewise CA was most appropriate for categorical rather than continuous data. Also, the CA produced clusters whether or not natural groupings existed, and the results depended on both the similarity measure chosen and the algorithm used for clustering. An additional problems of the PCA and the CA arised with both qualitative and quantitative data with a limited number of variables and/or too few numbers of samples. Some of these problems may be avoided if a certain number of variables (more than 20 at least) and sufficient samples (40-50 at least) are considered for morphometric analyses, but we do not think that the methods are all mighty tools for data analysts. Instead, we do believe that reasonable applications combined with focus on objectives and limitations of each procedure would be a step forward.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.399-408
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• 2022

There has been much debate on the morphometric divergence between the recently identified Apis cerana koreana and Apis cerana honey bees. The aim of this study was to obtain phenotypic information that can be used to compare A. c. koreana data with other A. cerana subspecies data from open resources and determine breeding results on the basis of morphometric traits. To differentiate A. c. koreana, we investigated 22 classic morphological characteristics; royal jelly secretion; and the weight of workers, queens, and drones of A. c. koreana bred in Korea. To define the selection results, we used the geometric morphometric method. The artificially selected A. c. koreana secreted significantly more royal jelly (1.18 times) than the naturally selected A. c. koreana, which positively influenced the health of the colonies. These honey bees were identified more clearly with the geometric morphometric method than with the classic morphometric method, which is traditionally used to determine the subspecies. Large trends were noted for A. c. koreana on the basis of our results and literature from the 1980s regarding A. cerana sizes in Korea (tarsal index, length of forewing, and cubital index were measured). The cluster analysis revealed the proximity of A. c. koreana, A. cerana in China, and A. c. indica on the basis of eight classic characters, which, perhaps, relay the origin of the honey bees. The results of this study defined the morphometric responses of A. c. koreana honey bees to geographic isolation, climate change, and selection, which are important to identify, protect, and preserve honey bee stock in Korea.