• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2018

Bamboo culm comprises internodes and nodes and is tapered from the bottom to the top. Anatomically, bamboo culm comprises vascular bundles and parenchymal base tissue. The gross anatomical structure of a transverse section of any culm internode is determined by the shape, size, arrangement, and number of vascular bundles. The purpose of this research was to examine the morphology of culm and the distribution and shape of vascular bundles in Ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris). Bamboo culms were harvested from the base. Test samples were obtained from a central 2-cm long segment of each internode across the entire length of the culm. Results showed an uneven spread of vascular bundles in the internode cross-section. Transitioning from the outer to the inner layer of the internode, the number of vascular bundles per unit area decreased and their shape was variable. The size of vascular bundles in the middle layer of the internode was greater than that of those in the outer and inner layers. The shape of vascular bundles was circular in the outer layer, which gradually transformed into vertical oval toward the middle layer and horizontal oval toward the inner layer. Vascular bundles were of type III and IV in the bottom of the culm and type III in the middle to the top of the culm.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 1977

I have investigated and compared the morphology of vascular bundle shown in the section of culm wall of bamboo trees growing on Mt. Jiri which were classified by Grosser and Liese with their methods of morphological classification. The results obtained were as follows: 1. It was shown that there are no b.g.i. types of bamboo classified by Grosser and Liese among the bamboo trees on Mt. Jiri (Phyllostachys and Sasa). 2. As for the thickness of the culm wall in the culm, it was shown that the culm wall of the Phyllostachys becomes thinner in proportion to its nearness to the upper part of the tree, but no distinctive difference appeared in the Sasa. 3. The c, d, and e types of Sasa were the same as those of the Phyllostachys, but there was a vascular bundle type of the a' type, which was quite different from that of the Phyllostachys. 4. It was shown that the a', d, and e types of Sasa were distributed in a zone less than 500m above sea level, but no a' type was distributed in the high mountain area except for the c, d and e types which ranged from 600m to 1000m above sea level. Such facts mean that the vascular bundle sheath has changed in quantity because of the height of mountain. 5. In general, as compared with the Phyllostachys, the Sasa (types a, c, d and e which included a new type a) have fewer vascular bundles. 6. Considering the above results, it is thought that not by the current Sasa classification method based on observation of the the study of Sasa form the outside, but by a new method of classification based on the aspect of the physiological construction as seen from the inside wall is advanced. I believe this new method of classification to be a first step towards an epoch-making methodological advance and encourage the further study of it.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.53-67
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• 1994

The opal phytolith types in Oryza sativa L. were examined with light and scanning electron microscope, and we suggested the standard tenninoligies based on original cells of the phytoliths in situ. The distinctive fonus of opal phytoliths were observed in all plant parts such as leaf blade, leaf sheath, culm, root, glume, lemma, and palea. The phytolith fonus originated from long cell, short cell, and dennal appendages were different from part to part. The opal phytoliths derived from the long cells showed the most various form: twelve types were identified based on side wall shape. The results showed that the leaf blade did include almost all types of opal phytolith observed in the other parts of rice.f rice.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.145-155
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• 2015

Fiber morphology and basic characteristics of Legi bamboos (Gigantochloa atter) growing on Yogyakarta were studied considering their age and height positions in the culms. Culms of 4, 16, and 40 months were harvested, and their total lengths were measured. The length, diameter, and wall thickness of each internode were measured. All the sample culms were divided into three different parts along the height, and their fiber dimension and physical properties were observed. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance. The results showed that the culms had a diameter of 5.8 to 10.8 cm. The lowest internodes always showed the shortest length and the thickest wall. The culms had an average fiber length of 2.41 mm and Runkel ratio of 0.61. Fiber length was affected by the height, while fiber diameter, lumen diameter, and fiber wall thickness were affected significantly by the age of the culms. The culms had high green moisture content (GMC) of 157.89%, and basic density (BD) of $456.67kg.m^{-3}$, a total longitudinal shrinkage of 0.35%, and relatively low R/T shrinkage ratio. The interactions between age and height were affected GMC and BD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2008

In this study, about 80 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) ecotypes native to Korea were collected annually to analyze their morphology and growth characteristics from 1995 to 2007. Kentucky bluegrass ecotypes with superior characteristics of 'Pureundle' (Trial No. : P38), 'Sewon' (P77), 'Inje' (00034), 'Donggang' (00052), 'Hwasun' (01001), 'Pyengchang' (01071), 'Kongju' (02006), 'Chungsong' (02077), and 'Kumsan' (03005) and three foreign cultivars were transplanted to flowerpots in May 8, 2006 in order to analyze the blooming and morphological characteristics. Out of the selected superior ecotyes, six were collected on the roadsides, two were collected around paddy or dry fields, and one was collected at riverside. Length of 1st internode of 'Chungsong' was the longest (30.7cm), that of 'Pyengchang' was the shortest (12.8cm), and ecotypes showed variation in length. The 1st angle of branches of 'Donggang' was the narrowest ($141.7^{\circ}$), that of 'Hwasun' was the widest ($188.3^{\circ}$), and that of the introduced foreign cultivars were between $159.3^{\circ}$ and $166.7^{\circ}$. The number of nodes of the introduced cultivars were same (six), while that of Korean ecotypes were four to six. Length of flowering culm of 'Chungsong' was the longest (50.7cm) and while that of 'Pyengchang' was the shortest (19.2cm). 'Donggang' with the highest seed yield showed relatively high (36.8cm) inflorescence height when compared to other ecotypes. The five ecotypes of 'Sewon', 'Inje', 'Donggang', 'Pyengchang', and 'Kongju' were investigated to have relatively wide leaf width. Especially 'Sewon' and 'Inje' were investigated to have wide leaves of 4.5mm and over.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 1969

To study the varietal differences of vegetative organs, yield and yield components along the periodical changes of rice variety in korea, this experiment was conducted in 1968. Eighteen used varieties were grouped into 6 varietal groups by the cultivated period as follow.: 1) Group I - Korean local varieties cultivated about 1907, 2) Group II - introduced varieties cultivated in 1907 - 1930, 3) Group III - introduced varieties cultivated in 1930-1960, 4) Group IV - improved varieties cultivated in 1930-1960, 5) Group V - introduced varieties cultivated after 1960 and 6) Group VI - improved varieties cultivated after 1960. 1. Varietal Group I showed the longest leaves, the largest leaf area, the lowest value of leaf area index and the highest value of flag leaf angle. Along the periodical changes of rice varieties the leaf length, the total leaf area and the flag leaf angle were decreased, and the leaf area index was increased. 2. Varietal Group I showed higher value of the length and the weight of leaf sheath than those of Group II, III, IV, V and VI. The length of every internode was longer in Group I than in the other varietal groups. The weight of every internode was shown higher value in Group 1. The length and the weight of every internode were decreased along the periodical changes of rice variety. 3. Varietal Group I and Group III showed the higher value of culm length, panicle length and the number of grain per panicle length and groups. Group IV, V and VI had the higher value of the number of panicle, the maturing rate and the 1, 000 grains weight. Varietal Group V and VI which are cultivated in recent years showed shorter culm and panicle length, higher value of the maturing rate and the 1, 000 grains weight, and intermediate in the number of panicle and the number of grain per panicle. 4. The lowest value of straw weight was found in Group I. The highest value of grain yield was shown in Group VI, intermediate in Group II, III, IV and V and lowest in Group I. Grain-straw ratio was shown highest in Group VI.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제14권
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• pp.79-86
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• 1973

In order to investigate the heading responses of naked barleys and their grain yields under the different sowing times in spring sowing at 9 levels and to select the promising variety, present work was carried out with 11 recommended naked barley varieties and 2 newly developed lines for the period of 3 years from 1971 to 1973 at Iri, these results being summarized as follows: 1. Under spring sowing cultures, 'Wanju naked barley' being spring habit showed the highest yields among them. However, Sedohadaka and Bangju being winter habit were also considered as the promising varieties. 2. In the case of sowing the spring type naked barleys in spring the optimum sowing time of barleys at Iri was estimated in the late of February or the early of March. 3. The number of main culm leaves and tillering per hill of 'Wanju naked barley' were not influenced at sowing times. But winter type barleys being sown in spring, they were outstandingly increased in accordance with the sowing time being late, especially after the critical sowing time. 4. In comparison with average days from germinating to heading date under different seasonal sowing at the same variety, 'Wanju naked barley' took 64.4 days to get heading and Kikaihadaka and Hyangchoen gwa, the low spring growing habit varieties, 72-73 days. 5. Young spikelet differentiation stage (length of young spikelet: 0.3-0.5mm) arrived at about 30 days before heading date in comfortable sowing time without regarding spring or winter type. But number of main culms disclosed great differences among them; barleys being high spring type were 4 leaves and low about 6. 6. In the view of morphology, culm length under the different seasonal sowing could not be found out differences in the high spring type barleys, but in the low, it was grately shortened by postponing the sowing time. The barley height of rosette form had no difference at any sowing time.difference at any sowing time.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.16-34
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• 2011

Scirpus L. s.l. of Cyperaceae has been regarded as a monophyletic group, but the taxa of Scirpus s.l. were rearranged into the five independent genera in recent molecular phylogenetic research: Bolboschoenus (Asch.) Palla, Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla, Schoenoplectiella Lye, Scirpus L., and Trichophorum Pers. In this study, we examined the morphological characteristics and presented the delineation of the five genera of Scirpus s.l., including 21 taxa from South Korea. As a result of our investigation and analysis of domestic collections and those from abroad, the each taxon could be identified using key characteristics of the rhizome features; a cross-section of culm; the degree of development and the width of leaves; the shapes of the membranous region of leaf sheath; and the shapes and size of inflorescence, bract, floral scale, and achene. These major characteristics are illustrated and artificial keys are suggested in this study. In addition, we suggest a new combination for an unrecorded taxon of Schoenoplectiella that was discovered in Gangwon-do, Goseong-gun and give it the Korean name, as 'a-do-song-i-go-raeng-i'.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1986

The growth, development, and morphological characteristics of Echinochtoa colons (L.) Link were determined through one life cycle. E. colons emerged 2 to 3 days after seeding (DAS) and reached the two leaf stage by 8 DAS. During the early growth stages, root length was greater than plant height, but the relationship was reversed from 4 weeks after seeding (WAS). Tillering started from the third leaf of the main culm as the sixth leaf on the main calm emerged. The unfolding of the leaves and tillering followed a regular pattern during the vegetative growth period. This resulted in the production of 19 tillers (5 primary, 12 secondary, 1 tertiary, and I nodal) at the 14-leaf stage. Shoot-root weight ratio was highest just before panicle initiation. The second spike from the top of the panicle was the shortest and produced the fewest seeds. Thereafter, spike length and the number of seeds per spike generally increased, the lower the position of the spike on the panicle. Seeds on the lower spikes weighed less and had lower germination ability than those from the upper spikes. Adventitious roots arose from the leaf sheath bases of a flowering stalk. The ability to produce adventitious roots was greater in a younger stalls than in an older stalk.