• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제1권
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• pp.201-214
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• 1983

A study was undertaken on rats in order to clarify the gastric mucosal, morphologic response to oral and subcutaneous administration of acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin). Aspirin was administered orally (oral group) and subcutaneously (subcutaneous group) at does rate of 60 mg per kg of body weight per day to 40 normal rats. On the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 15th day of administration, in addition to clinical observation, 5 rats each from the both groups were sacrificed and examined macroscopically, histologically and electron-microscopically for the morphological changes of gastric mucosal cells with the following results. Although the clinical, macroscopic and histological changes were not significant, marked ultrastructural changes were observed. Parietal and chief cells were affected most severely by the administration of aspirin ; parietal cells showed increase in the number of SER and intracellular canaliculi, where-as in chief cells fragmentation, luminal dilatation, decrease in the number and structural abnormalities of RER were seen. Relatively mild changes were observed in mucous, mucous neck and basal-granulated cells. Although the degree of changes was milder than those of oral group, the similar changes were also observed in the subcutaneous group. From these results, it would be concluded that aspirin injury of gastric mucosa is effected not only by the direct injury to the mucosa but also indirectly by the blood concentration of aspirin.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.449-454
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• 1996

The propose of this study was to evaluate the difference of cellular activity dependent on intermittent compressive force by determining the alkaline phosphatase activity. Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured on control and experimental groups every 24, 48, 72hours. Experimental groups consisted of continous and intermittent compressive group which were compressed by $300gm/cm^2$ of diaphram pump. The intermittent compressive group was connected by timer which was worked on 10 minutes an off 10 minutes. The results were as follows; 1. The alkaline phosphatase activity between control and experimental groups showed not significant difference at compressed 24 hours. 2. The alkaline phosphatase activity of experimental groups were more increased than control group at compressed 48 hours. 3. The alkaline phosphatase activity of intermittent compressive group showed significant increased to control group. Whereby continuous compressive group showed not significant difference to control at 72 hours. 4. The alkaline phosphatase activity of intermittent compressive group were stringly increased than continuous compressive groups. 5. Between experimental groups and control group no other morphologic changes were detected by microscopic findings.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.549-553
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• 2006

In this study, the effects of granite-grit offered free-choice on voluntary intakes of grit and subsequently on some morphologic traits of the digestive tract and performance of broilers were investigated. A total of 240 7d-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allotted randomly to 10 floor pens supplied with wood shavings. The experiment lasted for 42 days. There were 2 dietary treatments, each consisting of 5 replicates. Each replicate consisted of 24 birds kept in an experimental unit with a floor size of $2{\times}2m$. Dietary treatments consisted of control (C) in which broilers were fed standard broiler rations, and acid insoluble granite-grit choice (AIGG) in which broilers were fed standard broiler rations and grit in separate troughs. Mean amounts consumed varied quite widely from week to week, but on average broilers ate 3.41 g per d per bird during the experimental period. Birds had a higher voluntary intake of granite-grit at an early age (7 to 21 d of age) than later (22 to 42 d of age). The voluntary intake of granite-grit of AIGG broilers increased (p<0.05) from 2.7 g/day at 7-14 d to 4.4 g at 15-21 d of age, and then it decreased to 3.4, 3.2 and 3.4 g/day between 22-28, 29-35 and 36-42 d of age, respectively. This level of grit intake increased (p<0.05) weights of empty gizzard (0.97 vs. 1.30 g), edible inner organs (3.51 vs. 3.69 g), and length of gut (8.86 vs. 9.01 cm) as a proportion of body weight and the content of insoluble ash (8.4 vs. 42.2 g/kg) in the faeces compared to the control group. Feeding free-choice grit had little or no effect on final live weights (2,542 vs. 2,543 g), daily gains (69 vs. 69 g), carcass weights (1,924 vs. 1,911), dressing percentages (75.6% vs. 75.1%) and feed efficiencies (1.69 vs. 1.66). Birds given grit did not gain more weight than those not given grit but they tended to have (p<0.07) lower feed intake (116.7 vs. 114.5 g), and consequently lower protein and energy intake. In conclusion, the granite-grit consumed voluntarily by broilers increased gut length and empty gizzard weight without affecting growth performance of broilers. Thus, it can be assumed that the voluntary consumption of granite-grit was too low to affect performance.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.421-431
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• 2002

C-shaped canal configuration is very difficult to treat because that clues about preoperative canal anatomy cannot be ascertained from clinical crown morphology and limited information can be derived from radiographic examination. This study was done to get more informations about the root and canal configuration of C-shape root by 3-dimensionally reconstructing for the purpose of enhancing success rate of endodontic treatment. 30 mandibular molars with C-shaped root were selected. Six photo images from occlusal, apical, mesial, distal, buccal, lingual directions and radiographic view were taken as preoperative ones to compare them with 3-D image. After crown reduction to the level of 1-2mm over pulpal floor was performed, teeth were stored in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution for the removal of pulp tissue and debris. They were cleaned under running water, allowed to bench dry and embedded in a self-curing resin. This resin block was serially ground with a microtome (Accutom-50, Struers, Denmark) and the image of each level was recorded by digital camera (FinePix S1-pro, Fuji Co., Japan). The thickness of each section was 0.25mm. Photographs of serial sections through all root canal were digitized using Adobe Photoshop 5.0 and then minimum thickness of open and closed sites were measured (open site is the surface containing occluso-apical groove closed site is oppsite). After dizitization using 3-D Doctor (Able software Corp, USA). 3D reconstruction of the outer surface of tooth and the inner surface of pulp space was made. Canal classsification of C-shaped roots was performed from this 3-D reconstructed image. The results were as follows : 1. Most C-shape rooted teeth showed lingual groove (28/30). 2 According to Vertuccis' calssification, type I, II, III, IV, VII were observed. but also new canal types suck as 2-3-2, 1-2-3-2. 2-3-2-1, 2-3-2-3 were shown. 3 There was little difference in minimum thickness on coronal and apical portions, but open site were thinner than closed site on mid portion. Conclusively, 3D reconstruction method could make the exact configurations of C-shape root possible to be visualized and analyzed from multi-directions. Data from minimum thickness recommend cleaning and shaping be more carefully done on dangerous mid portion.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.221-235
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• 2006

In order to understand the transport mechanism of tidal beach sediments in Deukryang Bay, south coast of Korea, beach profiles, surface sediments, sedimentation rates and hydrodynamic conditions have been investigated. The beach is composed of a steep beach face and gentle low-tide terrace, showing general morphologic characteristics of tide dominated beach. Central beach face of an indented coast becomes flattened in summer, but ridge and runnel system developed in other seasons makes the beach profile rather irregular. These seasonal variations of beach profiles and sedimentation rate indicate that beach sedimentation is mainly controlled by both tide and wave processes. Erosion is prevalent in winter when strong wind wave is dominant, while deposition is dominant in other seasons. However, central beach showed an apparent erosional phase in summer. This is caused by strong waves induced by southerly strong winds occurring ephemerally during the summer. On the other hand, sedimentation rates are -89.2 mm/yr on the central beach and 60.5 mm/yr and 38.2 mm/yr on the sides. This result suggests that sediments are eroded on the central beach and subsequently transported to the both sides. Therefore, the central part of Sumun beach, used as a beach bathing site, will be continuously eroded, if nearby dyke continues to prevent the sediment supply from sources.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.10-27
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• 2005

Objectives: To study the effectiveness of Sanpunggosamhwan(SGH) against Allergic Contact Dermatitis(ACD), the contact hypersensitivity assay, change of cutaneous shape, anti-allergic effect, anti-inflammatory effect, and the effect on skin barrier were observed. Methods: The 200g rats were divided into three groups of 15 rats. The first group is the Normal group which was applied Acetone olive oil only. The second group is the ACD group which has intentionally activated Allergic Contact Dermatitis by DNCB. The third group is the SGH group which was given medication of Sanpunggosamhwan extract after the induction of Allergic Contact Dermatitis by DNCB. Each group of rats was observed after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results: I. With the result of contact hypersensitivity assay, at 24hours SGH group showed appreciably less ear swelling than ACD group. 2. Regarding general change of skin, SGH group showed less hyperplasia of epidermis, less damage of epidermis than ACD group. 3. Regarding the number of WBC, ACD group showed significantly less than normal and SGH group at 72 hours. 4. Regarding the number of RBC in blood, ACD and SGH group showed significantly more RBC than normal group at 24, 48, 72 hours. 5. Regarding the ratio of neutrophil in WBC, ACD and SGH group showed significantly high percentage than normal group at 24, 48 hours. 6. Regarding the ratio of lymphocyte in WBC, ACD and SGH group showed significantly high percentage than normal group at 48 hours. 7. Regarding the erythema, SGH group showed significantly more erythema than normal and ACD group at 48 hours. 8. Regarding the melanin, SGH group showed significantly less melanin than normal group at 24 hours.9. Regarding the skin hydration, SGH group showed significantly high value than and ACD group at 72 hours. 10. Regarding the skin pH, ACD group showed significantly high value than normal and SGH group af 24 hours. 11. Regarding the number of Total IgE, ACD and SGH group showed more Total IgE than normal. g개up at 24 hours. 12. At Electro microscope-morphologic changes of skin, the damage of epithelium was decreased and regeneration power of skin was increased in the SGH group. Conclusions: The Sanpunggosamhwan extract administration was effective on the mitigation of skin damage in rats with allergic contact dermatitis.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2006

Background : Osteoporosis and atrophic cell pattern in Pap smear are frequent findings In postmenopausal women due to loss of ovarian function, The present study attempted to find out possible correlation between morphologic characteristics of Pap smear and osteoporosis. Material & methods: The subjects were 825 women(age from 35 to 80) who had undergone Pap smear and bone mineral density(BMD) at The Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul Branch, from March 8 to May 10, 2005. Pap smears from 825 women were reviewed and classified either mature cell pattern or atrophic cell pattern by their cytologic patterns, BMD were measured using LUNAR DPX MdIQ(Minster, Ohio, USA). BMD value of lumbar spine(Ll, L2,L3 and L4) were measured from 825 women and BMD value of proximal region off emur(neck NK, Wards triangle WT, and trochanter TR) were measured from 818 women and their bone status were classified as normal( T-sore:>-1.0), osteopenia (T-score: -l~<-2,5) and osteoporosis(T-score: ≤ -2.5). And age distribution of Pap smear, average T-value andfrequency ofsteoporo-sis of each region of the bone, percentage of osteoporosis of each boneregion by age group and changing pattern of percentage of osteopenia and osteoporosis in certain postmenopausal period were compared between mature and atrophic cell pattern. Results: Pap smears revealed total mature cell pattern 53,9%(445/825) and total atrophic cell pattern 46.1%(380/825), Percentage of mature cell pattern decreased from 98.2%(168/171)under 44 age group to 13,3%(17/128) over 65 age group and mature cell pattern increased from 1.8%(3/171) under 44 age group to 86.7%(111/128) oyer 65 age group. Mean T-value of each region of lumbar spine and femur of mature cell pattern were lower than that of atrophic cell pattern about -1,5. And osteoporosis has noted in atrophic cell pattern showing odds ratio Ll 13.9, L2 15.3, L3 12.0, L4 10,4, UK 6.7, WT 10.9 and TR 4.1.Atrophic cell pattern started to increase after 45 years of age and osteoporosis of a trophic cell pattern started after 55 years of age. During 50 to 64 years of age period, L3, L4 and WT revealed parallel increased of osteopenia and osteoporosis and Ll, L2 revealed decreased of osteopenia and increased of osteoporosis. nia Conclusion: Above findings suggest that atrophic cell pattern of Pap smear precedes osteoporosis about 10 years and one of predictor of osteoporosis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.146-156
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• 1999

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of Yangkyuksanhoa-tang on the morphological changes of the basilar artery after experimentally induced subarachnoid hemonrrhages(SAH). Yangkyuksanhoa-tang has been used freguently for cerebrovascular accident Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 350-400 g were used. The 6 normal rats and 24 SAH elicited rats were used, The SAH induced by injection of the fresh autologus heart blood (0.3-0.4 ml) into the cisterna magna through the posterior atlanta-occipital membrane, Sample group was given 3.3 ml/kg/day of Yangkyuksanhoa-tang extracts for 2 days after SAH. The experimental animals were killed at 48hrs after SAH. The morphological changes of the arterial walls were examined by light and electron microscopy. Following are the obtained results: 1. In SAH elicited rats, the size of the lumen in basilar artery was diminished by about 45% and the thickness of arterial wall was increased by about 82%. In SAH elicited rats with Yangkyuksanhoa-tang treatment, the size of the lumen in basilar artery was merely diminished by about 18% and the thickness of arterial wall was merely increased by about 19%. 2. In light microscopic examination, the endothelium was swollen into a cuboid shape and the layer of smooth muscle was increased in the basilar artery of SAH elicited rats. In SAH elicited rats with Yangkyuksanhoa-tang treatment, the size of the lumen in basilar artery was enlarged and the thickness was decreased than in SAH elicited rats. The endothelium was flattened into a squamous shape and the layer of smooth muscle was decreased more than in SAH elicited rats. 3. In electron microscopic examination, the endothelial cells with fragmentation nuclei were changed into a cuboid shape and the internal elastic lamina were folded at the basilar artery of SAH elicited rat. The nuclei of smooth muscle cells were changed into a round or crumpled shape. The length of smooth muscle was shorten and thickness was increased. But all kinds of morphologic changes were diminished in SAH elicited rats with Yangkyuksanhoa-tang treatment. Conclusion : Yangkyuksanhoa-tang extracts were effective to treat cerebral vasospasm after experimentally induced subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.857-869
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate whether rats with non-obstructive antral dilation could be a useful tool resembling functional dyspeptic patients. We also investigated the effect of Bojoongikki-tang (BJ), and Youngkaechulgam-tang (YK) in antral dilated rats. Methods : Non-obstructive antral dilation was performed by first wrapping a non-absorbable rubber ring (D:6mm, W:4mm, T:1mm) around the 1st portion of the duodenum causing pyloric obstruction (PO). After 12 weeks, except for some PO group rats used for the control, the rubber ring was removed by performing another operation. The antral dilated rats (AD) were then divided into three groups, a non-treatment group (AD-NT), and two herbal medicine groups each given an extract solution containing 125 mg/kg of Youngkaechulgam-tang (AD-YK) or Bojoongikki-tang (AD-BJ) for 4 weeks. Then gastric contractility was evaluated by bowel sound measurement, and afterwards the changes of the weight, and morphologic changes of the stomach were evaluated for each group including the normal intact group (NI). Results : Loss of weight and enlargement of the stomach surface area was seen in the PO group. Decrease of gastric motility index was observed in the AD-NT group, while the increased surface area of the stomach was not significantly different from the PO group. Youngkaechulgam-tang seemed to increase gastric contraction, whereas Bojoongikki-tang showed no effect. Weight gain of rats was observed in both the AD-YK and AD-BJ groups, but there seemed to be no change of the dilated stomach surface area. Conclusions : The non-obstructive antral dilated rat seems to be an experimental pathologic model that reflects the gastric dysmotility similar to functional dyspeptic patients with antral dilation. Therefore patients with dysmotility-like dyspepsia with antral function disorders should be treated efficiently. As Youngkaechulgam-tang is shown to increase both gastric contraction and weight in antral dilated rats, it may be used for treating functional dyspepsia. However, Bojoongikki-tang should be used with caution in patients with gastric dysmotility.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.22-42
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• 1990

Sabaiksan has been prescribed to treat various allergic diseases in herbal medicine which were induced by various vasoactive amine released from the mast cells. The constituents of Sabaiksan are Mori Cortex Radices(MCR), Lycii Cortex Radicis(LCR) and Glycyrrhizae Radix(GR). Recently, simple models of compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic shock and cutaneous reaction in vivo were developed to test various agents employed in the field of allergy and toxicology research. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Sabaiksan on compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic stock, cutaneous reaction and mesenteric mast cell degranulation rate in ICR mice, and on compound 48/80 induced peritoneal mast cell degranulation and histamine release in vitro. Groups of ICR mice were intraperitoneally pretreated with $100{\mu}{\ell}$ of saline, $MCR(2g/m{\ell}),\;LCR(2g/m{\ell}),\;GR(g/m{\ell})$ or Sabaiksan itself(MCR+LCR+GR) at 24, 12 and 1 hour before compound 48/80 solution ($10{\mu}{\ell}/gm$ B. W) were peritoneally given into them, and then mortality within 72 hours after the compound 48/80 injection, and mesenteric mast cell degranulation rate at 15 minutes after compound 48/80 injection were calculated. In vitro experiment, $400{\mu}{\ell}$ of rat peritoneal mast cell suspension$(10^6cell/m{\ell})$ were pretreated with $50{\mu}{\ell}$ of saline, $MCR(2g/m{\ell}),\;LCR(2g/m{\ell}),\;GR(g/m{\ell})$ or Sabaiksan itself at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then $50{\mu}{\ell}$ of compound 48/80 solution $(100{\mu}g/m{\ell})$ were added into it. 30 minutes after the addition of compound 48/80 solution, histamine release assay in the supernatant of peritoneal mast cell suspension were performed employing radioisotope enzymatic assay and morphologic changes of mast cells in each regular time point were photographed. Compared with controls, compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic shock was significantly inhibited by MCR and GR pretreatment into the ICR mice. Significant inhibition of compound 48/80 induced cutaneous reaction, mesenteric mast cell degranulation rate in vivo and histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro was observed only in MCR pretreated group. From the above results, it is suggested that MCR component of Sabaiksan may playa key role to suppress mast cell function since it has been applied to various allergic diseases.