• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.659-664
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• 2010

This study investigated the distribution of spotted seals, Phoca largha, inhabiting the coast of Baekryongdo. Monitoring of spotted seals in Baekryongdo was conducted between June 2006 and November 2008, using a 5-ton fishing vessel 1hour before low tide. The monthly maximum number of observed seals was 274 in September 2006, 139 in September 2007, and 213 in August 2008. Average observed monthly counts were largest in August and September. Relatively more spotted seals were observed when there were few cloudy days and plenty of sunshine. Bycatch, stranding, and observations of spotted seals have been reported along the coast of the Korean peninsula since 2000, and spotted seals were observed four times in the western coastal region, three times in the southeastern region, and 12 times on the east coast. This suggests that spotted seals inhabiting Baekryongdo migrate to the East Sea via the West and South seas as individuals or in groups.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.175-191
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• 2003

An empirical Bayesian approach is discussed for estimation of characteristics from the two-way balanced rotation sampling design which includes U.S. Current Population Survey and Canadian Labor Force Survey as special cases. An empirical Bayesian estimator is derived for monthly effect under presence of two types of biases and correlations It is shown that the marginal distribution of observation provides more general correlation structure than that frequentist has assumed. Consistent estimators are derived for hyper-parameters in Normal priors.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2024

Persistent droughts due to climate change will intensify water shortage problems in Korea. According to the 1st National Water Management Plan, the shortage of domestic and industrial waters is projected to be 0.07 billion m³/year under a 50-year drought event. A long-term prediction of water demand is essential for effectively responding to water shortage problems. Unlike industrial water, which has a relatively constant monthly usage, domestic water is analyzed on monthly basis due to apparent monthly usage patterns. We analyzed monthly water usage patterns using water usage data from 2017 to 2021 in Chungcheong, South Korea. The monthly water usage rate was calculated by dividing monthly water usage by annual water usage. We also calculated the water distribution rate considering correlations between water usage rate and climate variables. The division method that divided the monthly water usage rate by monthly average temperature resulted in the smallest absolute error. Using the division method with average temperature, we calculated the water distribution rates for the Chungcheong region. Then we predicted future water usage rates in the Chungcheong region by multiplying the average temperature of the SSP5-8.5 scenario and the water distribution rate. As a result, the average of the maximum water usage rate increased from 1.16 to 1.29 and the average of the minimum water usage rate decreased from 0.86 to 0.84, and the first quartile decreased from 0.95 to 0.93 and the third quartile increased from 1.04 to 1.06. Therefore, it is expected that the variability in monthly water usage rates will increase in the future.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.122-125
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• 2006

The distribution of phytoplankton pigments were studied bimonthly at four stations from the mouth of Mahanadi River at Paradip to the 36.7km off coast in Bay of Bengal during April 2001 to December 2002. Bottom depth was shallower than 40m in all stations. The pigment concentration of Chl-a was measured. It increased from surface to bottom in the water column. The water column integrated chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) varied between 6.1 and $48.5mg{\cdot}m-^2$ with peaks during monsoon period (Aug & Oct). Spatial distribution of salinity depended strongly on freshwater runoff. The salinity was 5psu at river mouth and 25.15psu at offshore in monsoon period; however it was 30psu at the river mouth in summer. We found a linear relationship between the amount of river discharge and integrated Chl-a in coastal region from 2 years observations. Extending this result, we analyzed rainfall and coastal Chl-a using satellite data. The relationship between the river discharge and monthly accumulated rainfall estimated from TRMM and others data sources was analyzed in 2001 and 2002 using Giovanni infrastructure provided by NASA. The result depended on the specified area on TRMM images; the river delta area had sharper relationship than wider rain catchments area. Moreover, the relationship between monthly averaged Chl-a derived from SeaWiFS and monthly accumulated rainfall estimated from TRMM was analyzed from 1998 to 2005. It was clear that the broom in monsoon period was strongly controlled by rainfall on river delta.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.1243-1252
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• 2002

This paper aims to find the characteristics of concentration distribution of coastal urban air pollutants. For this purpose, It was used the daily meteorological data and the hourly concentration data for $O_3$and NO$_2$ in Busan metropolitan city from 1994 to 1996. It was investigated the annual and monthly distribution of ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentration at each site in Busan, and also investigated the characteristics of concentration change of air pollutants with time under the sea breeze. As a results, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and ozone tend to be increased every year and nitrogen dioxide concentration is higher than ozone concentration at all sites in Busan. The concentration of ozone is high in summer season and low in winter season, but the concentration of nitrogen dioxide have a reversed trend. The monthly peak concentration of ozone occurred in April and September, while the monthly minimum concentration of nitrogen dioxide occurred in August. Their trend were identified by sites near the coastline than sites stands apart from the coastline. The sea breeze occurred annual mean 81 day in Busan from 1994 to 1996. The main wind direction of sea breeze was classified into southwesterly and southeasterly. In case of southwesterly, It was pronounced the south wind and southwest wind. In case of southeasterly, the occurrence frequency of east wind was high. Especially, the concentrations of urban air pollutants, such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide, were high on time which the sea breeze flow, and the areas that ozone concentration was high moved from outside part to central part of city with time. In costal urban such as Busan, the wind direction of sea breeze is influenced the change of ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentration on time which the sea breeze flow at each site and also influenced the change of air pollutants concentration of sites on the pathway of sea breeze.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 1968

Prostitutes living in Songdo beach in Pusan, for two years period (from September 4, 1964 to August 28, 1966) were investigated for the present status and Venereal Diseases. The following results were obtained. 1. Age distribution:The youngest was 18 years old and the oldest 29. The group between 22-25 years old was 72.8%, approximately three fourth of all prostitute. 2. Educational background: From illiterate to college graduated. The group of graduated primary school was 80.7%, approximately four fifth of all prostitutes. 3. Distribution of birth places: From all cities and provinces in Korea except Chejudo Island province. Kyongsang Namdo province was highest(24%), Kyongsan Pukdo province 18%, Pusan city 12%, and Seoul city 11%. 4. Monthly and weekly Venereal Diseases examination to prostitutes: Total examined cases were 7757, consisting of 323 monthly, and 75 weekly. Total numbers of disqualified persons were 592(7.63% of total examined), consisting of 25 monthly, and 6 weekly. 5. Clinical and laboratory findings of the rejected prostitutes at the Venereal Disease examination: Among total cases of rejected 592, gonococcal positive cases were 2.89%, staining by gram's method, cervical erosions 3.53%, and numerous pus cells but gonococcal negative 1.53%. 6. Seasonal distribution of prostitutes : Songdo beach is one of the famous sea shore sightseeing resort in Pusan. Therefore, numbers of prostitutes were increasing in hot season, summer and decreasing in cold season, winter. 7. Number of disqualified prostitutes at the Venereal Disease examination by seasonal trend: In autumn 18.04%, winter 8.68%, spring 5.85%, and summer 4.43%, in order as described, the decreasing tendency was observed. 8. Serolgical tests for syphilis: VDRL slide method and Kolmer-Wassermann reaction were performed to the prostitutes. STS were positive by VDRL slide method in 8.33-33.87%, Kolmer-Wassermann reaction in 8.33-27.42% of the prostitutes. The results of sero-positive of syphilis showed tendency toward gradually increase from 1964 to 1966. 9. Authors were observed only 1 case or soft chancer, but neither lymphogranuloma venereum nor granuloma inguinale were detected.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.167-177
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• 2004

This study is designed to understand purchase motivation for garment depending on demographic factors among college students in Yanbian, China. Questionnaire was used for measurement tools to study the subject of the thesis. The main study was conducted against 450 college students from May 17 to June 5, 2001. The data for the study were analyzed using SAS PC program for frequency distribution, percentage, t -test, and one way ANOVA. The purchase motivation for garment are affected by demographic factors such as gender, average monthly household income, monthly expense for clothing. The result was showed as follows: A meaningful difference showed in 3 areas 'to try a new trend, impulsive buying at the store display, discount advertising' depending on the gender in terms of purchase motivations, and in all the three areas, male students showed a higher ranking. But in other motivation areas, no difference was noticed in terms of gender. In terms of purchase motivation based on monthly income, only one area 'impulse buying from a store display' showed a meaningful difference. Respondents with an average monthly household income above 2,000 yuan showed a higher tendency of 'impulse buying' compared to those with below 500 yuan or those with between 500-2,000yuan. Those with the average monthly household income below 500 yuan showed the lowest ranking in the impulse buying. In other areas of purchase motivation, average monthly household income was not an important element. A meaningful difference showed in 4 areas, 'to try a new trend, impulse buying from a store display, discount advertising', and 'for a change of mood' in the product motivation based on expense on clothing. Respondents with an average monthly expense for clothing above 100 yuan showed a higher ranking in all 4 areas than those with less than 100 yuan. In other areas, the average monthly clothing expense didn't give any impact.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2004

According to increase of domestic blood components use, the quality control of blood components is necessary to support good products. The purpose of this study is used to provide the producing index of the good product as compared with the accuracy and validity for the distribution of the quality control data. The value of mean, standard deviation, 95% confidence interval and degree of normal distribution of data were calculated by univariate procedure, the value of monthly mean of each blood centers per items were compared by Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) test for the degree of distribution. When there was difference among the mean values, the Duncan's multiple range test was done to confirm the difference. Finally, methods for accessing accuracy and validity of the quality data was done by the Contingency table test. The quality data of five blood centers was showed to the normal distribution and it was in a acceptable range. For each blood centers, the monthly means of Hematocrit(Hct), Platelet(PLT) and pH were not significantly different except Hct of C center, PLT of B, D center and pH of A center. The quality data per items was graded according to quality to six level. As a result of the comparative analysis, the monthly means of Hct of C and E center was significantly different higher than that of D, B and A center. The monthly means of PLT of A center and pH of C center was significantly different higher than that of the others. In the accuracy and validity of the quality control data, C center for Hct, A center for PLT and C center for pH were better than the other. The C blood center was most satisfiable and stable in the quality control for blood component. If the quality control method used in C blood center is adopted in other blood centers, the prepared level of the blood component of the center will be improved partly.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.67-78
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• 2004

This study was designed to understand purchase motivation for clothing, evaluation criteria for clothing, evaluation criteria for stores depending on average monthly expense for clothing among female college students in Yanbian, China. Questionnaire was used for measurement tools to study the subject of the thesis. Each question was rated in 5 point scale, where 1 means 'not at all' and 5 means 'definitely'. The main study was conducted against 300 female college students from May 17 to June 5, 2001. The data for the study were analyzed using SAS PC program for frequency distribution, percentage, t -test. The purchase motivation for clothing, evaluation criteria for clothing, evaluation criteria for stores are affected by average monthly expense for clothing. The result was showed as follows : A significant difference was showed in the purchase motivation, evaluation criteria for clothing, evaluation criteria for stores, preferred stores between lower group and higher group depending on monthly expense on clothing. A meaningful difference was showed in 4 areas'to try a new trend, impulsive buying at the store display, for a change of mood, for stylish appearance'in the purchase motivations for clothing depending on the monthly expense for clothing, in 2 areas'brand, trendy fashion'in evaluation criteria for clothing depending on the monthly expense for clothing, in 3 areas 'after service, hospitality of sales person, brand awareness' in the evaluation criteria for stores depending on the monthly expense for clothing, And Respondents of a high expense group for clothing showed higher means compared to a low expense group for clothing in all areas. A significant difference was showed among groups regarding preferred stores based on the monthly expense on clothing.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.13-24
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• 2021

Purpose: This research is aimed to explore factors affecting on Kazakhstan's pharmaceutical distribution industry, selection of various factors and assessment of the level of their influence. Based on the literature review it was defined that there is a great variety of scientific works relating to pharmaceutical distribution industry competitiveness and management improvement. Research design, data and methodology: There is very little research, which to determine the issues of pharmaceutical industry distribution in developing countries, in particular EAEU countries. The algorithm was chosen for research provision: statistical and comparative analysis, correlation, and regression analysis. The data of 1993-2020 obtained from the World Bank, Bureau of National Statistics, National Bank of Kazakhstan, which is expressed by 19 factors as macroeconomic indicators. Results: The chosen variables were selected non-randomly, these economic indicators had the most reliable, unique, and utmost for the whole research period complete information. Conclusions: There could be made adequate conclusions of the research, there is a strong positive relationship for six factors: population, GDP per capita, average annual US dollar exchange rate, the minimum pension, average assigned monthly pension, minimum wage. Pension and wage are the most significant factors affecting on the pharmaceutical distribution industry in Kazakhstan.