• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.296-303
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• 2014

Background: The first pharmacy student practice undergoing 6 year pharmacy school curriculum have begun in the hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy, pharmaceutical company and administrative office since 2013. Although most of practice sites have prepared the program of pharmacy student practice education for several years under guideline of Korean Association of Pharmacy Education, generally community pharmacies which start the pharmacy student practice education have difficulty in performing the desirable student practice program due to absent experience for it. So we reported the comparison of student practice programs between mono pharmacy and multiple pharmacies conducted by Gyeongsang National University College of Pharmacy to provide the future design information of the ideal pharmacy student practice in community pharmacy. Method: Students who practiced both multiple (multi) and mono pharmacy (mono) programs for each 5 weeks were participated the survey to evaluate the student practice programs. Results: The results of the survey on the student practice program reported that students were much more satisfied with the multiple pharmacies program than mono pharmacy program in both practical contents ($4.12{\pm}0.72$ : $3.27{\pm}1.28$; multi : mono) and satisfaction ($4.54{\pm}0.54$ : $3.54{\pm}1.3$; multi : mono) and they all gave the highest points ($5.00{\pm}0.00$) to multiple pharmacies program for recommendation because the multiple pharmacies program was significantly helpful for their experience to plan the future career. Conclusion: Mono and multiple pharmacy practice programs would be a great helpful for student's future career. However, the disadvantages of each program should be amended gradually for the unified and specialized program to be established the ideal community pharmacy student practice in Korea. The results will be affected the pharmacy practice program for students in community pharmacy and the other colleges of pharmacy to design the ideal community pharmacy practice program.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.410-417
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• 2016

Quercetin is a flavonoid usually found in fruits and vegetables. Aside from its antioxidative effects, quercetin, like other flavonoids, has a various neuropharmacological actions. Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (Rham1), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (Rutin), and quercetin-3-(2(G)-rhamnosylrutinoside (Rham2) are mono-, di-, and tri-glycosylated forms of quercetin, respectively. In a previous study, we showed that quercetin can enhance ${\alpha}7$ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (${\alpha}7$ nAChR)-mediated ion currents. However, the role of the carbohydrates attached to quercetin in the regulation of ${\alpha}7$ nAChR channel activity has not been determined. In the present study, we investigated the effects of quercetin glycosides on the acetylcholine induced peak inward current ($I_{ACh}$) in Xenopus oocytes expressing the ${\alpha}7$ nAChR. $I_{ACh}$ was measured with a two-electrode voltage clamp technique. In oocytes injected with ${\alpha}7$ nAChR copy RNA, quercetin enhanced $I_{ACh}$, whereas quercetin glycosides inhibited $I_{ACh}$. Quercetin glycosides mediated an inhibition of $I_{ACh}$, which increased when they were pre-applied and the inhibitory effects were concentration dependent. The order of $I_{ACh}$ inhibition by quercetin glycosides was Rutin${\geq}$Rham1>Rham2. Quercetin glycosides-mediated $I_{ACh}$ enhancement was not affected by ACh concentration and appeared voltage-independent. Furthermore, quercetin-mediated $I_{ACh}$ inhibition can be attenuated when quercetin is co-applied with Rham1 and Rutin, indicating that quercetin glycosides could interfere with quercetin-mediated ${\alpha}7$ nAChR regulation and that the number of carbohydrates in the quercetin glycoside plays a key role in the interruption of quercetin action. These results show that quercetin and quercetin glycosides regulate the ${\alpha}7$ nAChR in a differential manner.