• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.8-20
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• 2016

Banks are the engines that drive the operations in financial sector, money markets and growth of economy. With growing banking industry in India, frauds in Banks are increasing and fraudsters are becoming more sophisticated and ingenious. Shockingly, banking industry in India dubs rising fraud as "an inevitable cost of doing business." As part of study, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted in 2012-13 among 345 Bank employees "to know their perception towards bank frauds and evaluate factors that influence the degree of their compliance level." The study reveals, "there are poor employment practices and lack of effective employee training; usually over-burdened staff, weak internal control systems, and low compliance levels on the part of Bank Managers, Offices and Clerks. Although banks cannot be 100% secure against unknown threats, a certain level of preparedness can go a long way in countering fraud risk. Internal audit professionals should play an integral role in organization's fraud-fighting efforts. Some other promising steps are: educate customers about fraud prevention, make application of laws more stringent, leverage the power of data analysis technologies, follow fraud mitigation best practices, and employ multipoint scrutiny.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1481-1501
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• 2019

In opportunistic network, the behavior of a node is autonomous and has social attributes such as selfishness.If a node wants to forward information to another node, it is bound to be limited by the node's own resources such as cache, power, and energy.Therefore, in the process of communication, some nodes do not help to forward information of other nodes because of their selfish behavior. This will lead to the inability to complete cooperation, greatly reduce the success rate of message transmission, increase network delay, and affect the overall network performance. This article proposes a hybrid incentive mechanism (Mim) based on the Reputation mechanism and the Credit mechanism.The selfishness model, energy model (The energy in the article exists in the form of electricity) and transaction model constitute our Mim mechanism. The Mim classifies the selfishness of nodes and constantly pay attention to changes in node energy, and manage the wealth of both sides of the node by introducing the Central Money Management Center. By calculating the selfishness of the node, the currency trading model is used to differentiate pricing of the node's services. Simulation results show that by using the Mim, the information delivery rate in the network and the fairness of node transactions are improved. At the same time, it also greatly increases the average life of the network.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.323-352
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• 2001

Venture business plays a great role in creating national competitive power in every country. In particular, software venture business can mostly belong to manufacturing business, and takes the top seat of core industry as the basis of globalization, informatization and localization as well as the driving force of national competitive power. However, software venture business still has some risks in the whole area of business administration including the process of business starting. There are also problems to be solved in such areas as manager's ability, leadership, talent, level of technical development, marketing channel, recruiting of marketing specialists, financial plan and fund raising. In this respect, this study divides 102 software venture businesses into two; business in the stage of growth and matured business through the analysis of questionnaire and analyzes their present managerial conditions according to their characteristics after classifying them into four categories such as general management, technical development, marketing, finance and accounting. Therefore, this study attempts to provide the basic data useful for business activities of software venture business from now on. The results are as follows; First, it can be judged that software venture businesses make efforts for their technical development in their character, and that they make a great investment in research and development. Consequently, it can be believed that this kind of investment must be continued in the future. Second, it can be seen that they are not much interested in marketing and its manpower. In fact, software venture businesses develop products technically at the risk of their life, while marketing plays an important role in the continuity of business. Thus, it is necessary for them to invest in the supplement of manpower in marketing. Third, it is observed that they generally have some difficulties in raising money from outside. By the way, it. is believed that this problem will be solved by appealing to the persons interested such as investors and creditors, if evaluation system would be developed more exquisitely so that their accounting and technical value may be appraised.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.12B
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• pp.1349-1358
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• 2009

Because of the limitation of supporting power, the current WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) Technologies whose one of the core attributes is low power consumption are the best solution for shipping container networking in stack environment such as on vessel. So it is effective to use the Wireless Sensor Network Technology. In this case, many nodes join in the network through a sink node because there are difficulties to get big money and efforts to set up a lot of sink node. It needs clustering-based proactive protocol to manage many nodes. But it shows low reliability because they have effect on radio frequency in metal obstacle environments(interference, distortion, reflection, and etc) like the intelligent container. In this paper, we proposed an improved Modified LEACH Protocol for stableness radio frequency environment. In the proposed protocol, we tried to join the network and derived stable topology composition after the measuring of link quality. Finally, we verified that the proposed protocol is composing more stable topology than previously protocol in metal obstacle environment.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.261-270
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting on contraception behavior among health and non-health university students. Data were collected from April to Jun 2017 from 138 of health and 128 of non-health. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that influencing factors were different by department major. The factors affecting on contraception behavior of health department were sexual experience(ß=0.33), and explanatory power was 23.7%, non-health department was pocket money of over 410,000 won, knowledge acquisition through internet or TV, contraceptive self-efficacy(ß=0.29, 0.24, 0.18), and explanatory power was 22.8%. This study suggests reflecting university students majors when developing educational programs of contraceptive behavior.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.5 no.9
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• pp.275-284
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• 2016

The software used in the nuclear safety field has been ensured through the development, validation, safety analysis, and quality assurance activities throughout the entire process life cycle from the planning phase to the installation phase. However, this evaluation through the development and validation process needs a lot of time and money, and there are limitations to ensure that the quality is improved enough. Therefore, the effort to calculate the reliability of the software continues for a quantitative evaluation instead of a qualitative evaluation. In this paper, we propose a reliability evaluation method for the software to be used for a specific operation of the digital controller in a nuclear power plant. After injecting weighted faults in the internal space of a developed controller and calculating the ability to detect the injected faults using diagnostic software, we can evaluate the software reliability of a digital controller in a nuclear power plant.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.457-462
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• 2023

Director Yoon Jong-bin's new series <The Accidental Narco, Narco-Saints> was streamed through Netflix in 2022 and ranked first in the series rankings. <The Accidental Narco, Narco-Saints> continues the genealogy of male narratives in Korean society that director Yoon Jong-bin has pursued for a long time. In <The Accidental Narco, Narco-Saints>, the main characters choose the path of the diaspora to escape Korean society and seek survival in a foreign country. The two male protagonists of <The Accidental Narco, Narco-Saints> are set up in a hostile relationship, but they have one thing in common: they basically pursue money to "survive". They chose the diaspora to avoid the tyranny of public power in Korean society in the 1980s and 1990s, but Republic of Suriname was the worst place where private violence and public power were completely callused. In there, one becomes a drug lord and the other chooses to act for his duty to Korea. These two different choices can be said to be examples of the light and shade of the diaspora. In <The Accidental Narco, Narco-Saints>, director Yoon Jong-bin inherited the themes of 'family' and 'violence' from previous works, while expanding the geographical area of Korean male narratives he had been exploring.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38
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• pp.15-36
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• 1988

In this paper, I consider the development of methods in contemporary human geography in terms of a dialectical relation of action and structure, and try to draw a new horizon of method toward which geographical research and spatial theory would develop. The positivist geography which was dominent during 1960s has been faced both with serious internal reflections and strong external criticisms in the 1970s. The internal reflections that pointed out its ignorance of spatial behavior of decision-makers and its simplication of complex spatial relations have developed behavioural geography and systems-theoretical approach. Yet this kinds of alternatives have still standed on the positivist, geography, even though they have seemed to be more real and complicate than the previous one, The external criticisms that have argued against the positivist method as phenomenalism and instrumentalism suggest some alternatives: humanistic geography which emphasizes intention and action of human subject and meaning-understanding, and structuralist geography which stresses on social structure as a totality which would produce spatial phenomena, and a theoretical formulation. Human geography today can be characterized by a strain and conflict between these methods, and hence rezuires a synthetic integration between them. Philosophy and social theory in general are in the same in which theories of action and structural analysis have been complementary or conflict with each other. Human geography has fallen into a further problematic with the introduction of a method based on so-called political ecnomy. This method has been suggested not merely as analternative to the positivist geography, but also as a theoretical foundation for critical analysis of space. The political economy of space with has analyzed the capitalist space and tried to theorize its transformation may be seen either as following humanistic(or Hegelian) Marxism, such as represented in Lefebvre's work, or as following structuralist Marxism, such as developed in Castelles's or Harvey's work. The spatial theory following humanistic Marxism has argued for a dialectic relation between 'the spatial' and 'the social', and given more attention to practicing human agents than to explaining social structures. on the contray, that based on structuralist Marxism has argued for social structures producing spatial phenomena, and focused on theorising the totality of structures, Even though these two perspectives tend more recently to be convergent in a way that structuralist-Marxist. geographers relate the domain of economic and political structures with that of action in their studies of urban culture and experience under capitalism, the political ecnomy of space needs an integrated method with which one can overcome difficulties of orthhodox Marxism. Some novel works in philosophy and social theory have been developed since the end of 1970s which have oriented towards an integrated method relating a series of concepts of action and structure, and reconstructing historical materialism. They include Giddens's theory of structuration, foucault's geneological analysis of power-knowledge, and Habermas's theory of communicative action. Ther are, of course, some fundamental differences between these works. Giddens develops a theory which relates explicitly the domain of action and that of structure in terms of what he calls the 'duality of structure', and wants to bring time-space relations into the core of social theory. Foucault writes a history in which strategically intentional but nonsubjective power relations have emerged and operated by virtue of multiple forms of constrainst wihthin specific spaces, while refusing to elaborate any theory which would underlie a political rationalization. Habermas analyzes how the Western rationalization of ecnomic and political systems has colonized the lifeworld in which we communicate each other, and wants to formulate a new normative foundation for critical theory of society which highlights communicatie reason (without any consideration of spatial concepts). On the basis of the above consideration, this paper draws a new norizon of method in human geography and spatial theory, some essential ideas of which can be summarized as follows: (1) the concept of space especially in terms of its relation to sociery. Space is not an ontological entity whch is independent of society and has its own laws of constitution and transformation, but it can be produced and reproduced only by virtue of its relation to society. Yet space is not merlely a material product of society, but also a place and medium in and through which socety can be maintained or transformed.(2) the constitution of space in terms of the relation between action and structure. Spatial actors who are always knowledgeable under conditions of socio-spatial structure produce and reproduce their context of action, that is, structure; and spatial structures as results of human action enable as well as constrain it. Spatial actions can be distinguished between instrumental-strategicaction oriented to success and communicative action oriented to understanding, which (re)produce respectively two different spheres of spatial structure in different ways: the material structure of economic and political systems-space in an unknowledged and unitended way, and the symbolic structure of social and cultural life-space in an acknowledged and intended way. (3) the capitalist space in terms of its rationalization. The ideal development of space would balance the rationalizations of system space and life-space in a way that system space providers material conditions for the maintainance of the life-space, and the life-space for its further development. But the development of capitalist space in reality is paradoxical and hence crisis-ridden. The economic and poltical system-space, propelled with the steering media like money, and power, has outstriped the significance of communicative action, and colonized the life-space. That is, we no longer live in a space mediated communicative action, but one created for and by money and power. But no matter how seriously our everyday life-space has been monetalrized and bureaucratised, here lies nevertheless the practical potential which would rehabilitate the meaning of space, the meaning of our life on the Earth.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.53-60
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• 2015

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the importance of the slope and curvature of the volatility curve implied in option prices in the KOSPI 200 options index. A number of studies examine the implied volatility curve, however, these usually focus on cross-sectional characteristics such as the volatility smile. Contrary to previous studies, we focus on time-series characteristics; we investigate correlation dynamics among slope, curvature, and level of the implied volatility curve to capture market information embodied therein. Our study may provide useful implications for investors to utilize current market expectations in managing portfolios dynamically and efficiently. Research design, data, and methodology - For our empirical purpose, we gathered daily KOSPI200 index option prices executed at 2:50 pm in the Korean Exchange distribution market during the period of January 2, 2004 and January 31, 2012. In order to measure slope and curvature of the volatility curve, we use approximated delta distance; the slope is defined as the difference of implied volatilities between 15 delta call options and 15 delta put options; the curvature is defined as the difference between out-of-the-money (OTM) options and at-the-money (ATM) options. We use generalized method of moments (GMM) and the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) method to verify correlations among level, slope, and curvature of the implied volatility curve with statistical support. Results - We find that slope as well as curvature is positively correlated with volatility level, implying that put option prices increase in a downward market. Further, we find that curvature and slope are positively correlated; however, the relation is weakened at deep moneyness. The results lead us to examine whether slope decreases monotonically as the delta increases, and it is verified with statistical significance that the deeper the moneyness, the lower the slope. It enables us to infer that when volatility surges above a certain level due to any tail risk, investors would rather take long positions in OTM call options, expecting market recovery in the near future. Conclusions - Our results are the evidence of the investor's increasing hedging demand for put options when downside market risks are expected. Adding to this, the slope and curvature of the volatility curve may provide important information regarding the timing of market recovery from a nosedive. For financial product distributors, using the dynamic relation among the three key indicators of the implied volatility curve might be helpful in enhancing profit and gaining trust and loyalty. However, it should be noted that our implications are limited since we do not provide rigorous evidence for the predictability power of volatility curves. Meaning, we need to verify whether the slope and curvature of the volatility curve have statistical significance in predicting the market trough. As one of the verifications, for instance, the performance of trading strategy based on information of slope and curvature could be tested. We reserve this for the future research.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.147-178
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• 2023

While most of countries today are opposing the issuance of private-led cryptocurrency, nevertheless they are actively jumping into the issuance of government-led digital currency such as CBDC. This article aims to find an answer to this dual attitude of countries. To achieve the purpose, this article finds out the characteristics of political power and economic interest that digital currency has and applies it to the international dimension of the Bretton Woods II System. Then come up to the conclusion that the answer can be found in the fact that the current dual attitude of countries is closely related to the crisis of the international monetary order. The Bretton Woods II System, which led the world economy through reckless monetary expansion based on credit currency, exposed its limitations through the 2008 global financial crisis and put countries into difficulties. In this situation, the cryptocurrency, which appeared by raising the issue of the monopoly power of the central authority in issuing currency, had no choice but to act as an opportunity to drive countries further and further into a corner. This article views CBDC as a national response to address these issues. In other words, countries maintain their monetary power by absorbing the challenge of private digital currency at the government level through CBDC, and use this as a stepping stone to reorganize the international monetary order in crisis with the intention to use it as a means to their advantage. That is what this article is trying to argue.