• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.35-44
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• 1998

All the triacylglycerols including the molecular species having ${\Delta}^5$-unsaturated fatty acids from the seeds of Pinus Koraiensis, were split into a mixture of diacylglycerols by a Grignard reagent prepared with allyl bromide without arousing acyl chains of a glycerol moiety to migration, and were also easily partially hydrolyzed to diacylglycerols by pancreatic lipase. (S)-(+)-(1-naphthyl)ethyl urethane(NEU) derivatives of the diacylglycerol mixture derived from the triacylglycerols were fractionated into sn-1, 3-, sn-1, 2- and sn-2, 3-DG-NEU by silica-HPLC and the fatty acid composition of these fractions was analysed. $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$ is distributed evenly in the three positions of TG with $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ mainly located in sn-2 position, while ${\Delta}^5$-unsaturated fatty acids such as ${\Delta}^{5.9}-C_{18:2}$, ${\Delta}^{5.9.12}-C_{18:3}$ and ${\Delta}^{5.11.14}-C_{20:3}$ are exclusively present in the sn-3 position. These results could be confirmed by $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy : the signals at $^{\delta}$173.231 ppm and $^{\delta}$172.811 ppm of the carbonyl carbon of acyl moieties indicate the presence of saturated acids and/or $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$ (oleic acid) in the ${\alpha}({\alpha}')$- or ${\beta}$- positions, and $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ including $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$ in the ${\beta}$-position, respectively. In addition, the resonance at $^{\delta}$173.044 ppm suggested a location of ${\Delta}^5$-unsaturated fatty acid moiety in the ${\alpha}({\alpha}')$-position.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2005

It has been more than three decades since the first assay assessing circulating 25 (OH)D in human subjects was performed That publication as well as several that followed it defined 'normal' nutritional vitamin D status in human populations. Recently, the wisdom by which 'normal' circulating 25 (OH)D levels in human subjects were assigned in the past has come under question. It appears that sampling human subjects, who appear to be free from disease, and assessing 'normal' circulating 25 (OH)D levels by plotting a Gaussian distribution is grossly inaccurate. There are many reasons why this method is inaccurate, including race, lifestyle habits, sunscreen usage, age, latitude, and inappropriately low dietary recommendations for vitamin D. For instance, a 400 IU/day. AI for vitamin D is insignificant when one considers that a 10-15 minute whole body exposure to peak summer sun will generate and release up to 20,000 IU vitamin $D_3$ into the circulation. Recent studies, which orally administered up to 10,000 IU/day vitamin $D_3$ to human subjects for several months, have successfully elevated circulating 25 (OH)D levels to those observed in individuals from sun-rich environments. Further, we are now able to accurately assess sufficient circulating 25 (OH)D levels utilizing specific biomarkers instead of guessing what an adequate level is. These biomarkers include intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium absorption, bone mineral density (BMD), insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function. Using the data from these biomarkers, vitamin D deficiency should be defined as circulating levels of 25 (OH)D$\leq$30 ng/mL. In certain cases, such as pregnancy and lactation, significantly higher circulating 25 (OH)D levels would almost certainly be beneficial to both the mother and recipient fetus/infant.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.995-1004
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• 2017

Culture-dependent methods, such as heterotrophic plate counting (HPC), are usually applied to evaluate the bacteriological quality of hemodialysis water. However, these methods cannot detect the uncultured or viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria, both of which may be quantitatively predominant throughout the hemodialysis water treatment system. Therefore, propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR associated with HPC was used together to profile the distribution of the total viable bacteria in such a system. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was utilized to analyze the microbial community structure and diversity. The HPC results indicated that the total bacterial counts conformed to the standards, yet the bacteria amounts were abruptly enhanced after carbon filter treatment. Nevertheless, the bacterial counts detected by PMA-qPCR, with the highest levels of $2.14{\times}10^7copies/100ml$ in softener water, were much higher than the corresponding HPC results, which demonstrated the occurrence of numerous uncultured or VBNC bacteria among the entire system before reverse osmosis (RO). In addition, the microbial community structure was very different and the diversity was enhanced after the carbon filter. Although the diversity was minimized after RO treatment, pathogens such as Escherichia could still be detected in the RO effluent. In general, both the amounts of bacteria and the complexity of microbial community in the hemodialysis water treatment system revealed by molecular approaches were much higher than by traditional method. These results suggested the higher health risk potential for hemodialysis patients from the up-to-standard water. The treatment process could also be optimized, based on the results of this study.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 1986

The prevalence of diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was surveyed on 445 calves in 6 farms which were located in the central part of Korea. The incidence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in calves with diarrhea was investigated by detecting the K99 and F41 antigens from the isolated strains of Escherichia coli The incidence of colibacillosis in calves was 23.3%. Of 238 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea, 73 strains(30.6%) were proved possessing the K99 antigen by mannose-resistant hemagglutination(MRHA) using horse red blood cells and 79(33.1%) possessing F41 antigens by MRHA using guinea-pig red blood cells. The minca medium, nutrient broth, tryptic soy broth and brain heart infusion were tested for yield of K99 and F41 pili. The production of pili was greatest in minea medium. The best detachment method of the K99 and F41 pili from the cells was heat treatment for 20 minutes at $60^{\circ}C$ and concentration by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The purified antigens of K99 and F41 were polypeptides with molecular weights of 18,500 and 29,500, respectively by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.658-669
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• 2016

Rice blast, caused by a fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most devastating diseases of rice worldwide. Analyzing the valuable genetic resources is important in making progress towards blast resistance. Molecular screening of major rice blast resistance (R) genes was determined in 2,509 accessions of rice germplasm from different geographic regions of Asia and Europe using PCR based markers which showed linkage to twelve major blast R genes, Pik-p, Pi39, Pit, Pik-m, Pi-d(t)2, Pii, Pib, Pik, Pita, Pita/Pita-2, Pi5, and Piz-t. Out of 2,509 accessions, only two accessions had maximum nine blast resistance genes followed by eighteen accessions each with eight R genes. The polygenic combination of three genes was possessed by maximum number of accessions (824), while among others 48 accessions possessed seven genes, 119 accessions had six genes, 267 accessions had five genes, 487 accessions had four genes, 646 accessions had two genes, and 98 accessions had single R gene. The Pik-p gene appeared to be omnipresent and was detected in all germplasm. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that Pita, Pita/Pita-2, Pi-d(t)2, Pib and Pit were the major genes responsible for resistance in the germplasm. The present investigation revealed that a set of 68 elite germplasm accessions would have a competitive edge over the current resistance donors being utilized in the breeding programs. Overall, these results might be useful to identify and incorporate the resistance genes from germplasm into elite cultivars through marker assisted selection in rice breeding.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.179-182
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• 2013

Human cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) is a well-conserved xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme expressed in liver, kidney, nasal mucosa, brain, lung, and other tissues. CYP2E1 is inducible by ethanol, acetone, and other low-molecular weight substrates and may mediate development of chemically-mediated cancers. CYP2E1 polymorphisms alter the transcriptional activity of the gene. This study was conducted in order to investigate the allele frequency variation in different populations of Andhra Pradesh. Two hundred and twelve subjects belonging to six populations were studied. Genotype and allele frequency were assessed through TaqMan allelic discrimination (rs6413419) and polymerase chain reaction-sequencing (-1295G>C and -1055C>T) after DNA isolation from peripheral leukocytes. The data were compared with other available world populations. The SNP rs6413419 is monomorphic in the present study, -1295G>C and -1055C>T are less polymorphic and followed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all the populations studied. The -1295G>C and -1055C>T frequencies were similar and acted as surrogates in all the populations. Analysis of HapMap populations data revealed no significant LD between these markers in all the populations. Low frequency of $CYP2E1^*c2$ could be useful in the understanding of south Indian population gene composition, alcohol metabolism, and alcoholic liver disease development. However, screening of additional populations and further association studies are necessary. The heterogeneity of Indian population as evidenced by the different distribution of $CYP2E1^*c2$ may help in understanding the population genetic and evolutionary aspects of this gene.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1879-1887
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• 2013

To investigate the level of genotoxicity over Bangkok atmosphere, $PM_{10}$ samples were collected at the Klongchan Housing Authority (KHA), Nonsree High School (NHS), Watsing High School (WHS), Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), Chokchai 4 Police Station (CPS), Dindaeng Housing Authority (DHA) and Badindecha High School (BHS). For all monitoring stations, each sample covered a period of 24 hours taken at a normal weekday every month from January-December 2006 forming a database of 84 individual air samples (i.e. $12{\times}7=84$). Atmospheric concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs (i.e. phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and fluoranthene) were measured in $PM_{10}$ at seven observatory sites operated by the pollution control department of Thailand (PCD). The mutagenicity of extracts of the samples was compared in Salmonella according to standard Ames test method. The dependence of the effects on sampling time and on sampling location was investigated with the aid of a calculation of mutagenic index (MI). This MI was used to estimate the increase in mutagenicity above background levels (i.e. negative control) at the seven monitoring sites in urban area of Bangkok due to anthropogenic emissions within that area. Applications of the AMES method showed that the average MI of $PM_{10}$ collected at all sampling sites were $1.37{\pm}0.10$ (TA98; +S9), $1.24{\pm}0.08$ (TA98; -S9), $1.45{\pm}0.10$ (TA100; +S9) and $1.30{\pm}0.09$ (TA100; -S9) with relatively less variations. Analytical results reconfirm that the particulate PAH concentrations measured at PCD air quality monitoring stations are moderately low in comparison with previous results observed in other countries. In addition, the concept of incremental lifetime particulate matter exposure (ILPE) was employed to investigate the potential risks of exposure to particulate PAHs in Bangkok atmosphere.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.259-266
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• 1979

수용액상에 존재하는 2,2-비스(4-히드록시페닐)프로판, 황화비스(4-히드록시페닐) 및 비스(4-히드록시페닐)술폰의 음이온과 니트로벤젠속에 존재하는 1,6-디브르모헥산을 브롬화테트라부틸 암모늄을 상이동 촉매로 사용하여 반응시켜 새로운 폴리에테르를 합성하였다. 중합속도는 교반속도와 촉매량에 의존하였으나 어느정도 이상에서는 영향을 받지 않았다. 분배실험으로 부터 친수성 음이온이 촉매에 의하여 니트로벤젠 층으로 상이동함을 확증하였으며 일부 중합체의 본성점성도 (0.09∼0.16), 수평균분자량 (2400∼4800) 및 열안정성등을 조사하였다. 이와같은 중합 메카니즘은 소위 interfacial polymerization의 메카니즘과 다르며, 이를 구별하기 위하여 "상이동 중합''(phase transfer polymerization) 이란 용어를 사용할 것을 제안한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.92-95
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• 2014

Objective: This study sought to evaluate platelet volume indices (mean platelet volume [MPV], platelet distribution width [PDW], and platelet large cell ratio [P-LCR]) in varicocele patients, and compare it with platelet volume parameters in healthy controls. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 2 groups: group 1 included 51 varicocele subjects and group 2 consisted of 50 healthy control subjects of similar ages. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-K2 anticoagulant between 8:30 AM and 10 AM following an overnight fast. Platelet volume parameters (MPV, PDW, and P-LCR) were measured in both groups within 2 hours of sampling. Results: The mean PDW, MPV, and P-LCR were $13.9{\pm}2.5%$, $10.1{\pm}1.3fL$, and $27.3{\pm}7.8%$ in varicocele patients, respectively, and were $12.6{\pm}2.4%$, $9.3{\pm}1.1fL$, and $21.9{\pm}6.4%$ in the control group, respectively. The mean PDW, MPV, and P-LCR were significantly higher in the varicocele group than the control group. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that vascular components may play an important role in the pathophysiology of varicocele; therefore, there is a great need for prospective studies to confirm this relationship.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2012

Objectives: For our survey of the incidence of norovirus infections and the genogroup distribution of norovirus in Seoul, Republic of Korea, we evaluated through regular surveillance the prevalence of norovirus infections in patients with acute gastroenteritis occurring in Seoul from January 2007 to July 2011. Methods: For norovirus detection, we conducted epidemiological analyses on the basis of the junction of ORF1 and ORF2 (approximately 314 bp). 11,202 fecal specimens were collected from patients in Seoul with acute gastroenteritis between January 2007 and July 2011 and then tested for the presence of NoV via reverse transcription (RT) - polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 16.6% (1,861/11,202) of the fecal specimens were determined to be positive for noroviruses. The incidences of norovirus infection in Seoul in the case of acute gastroenteritis with regular surveillance were 28.0% in 2007, 14.6% in 2008, 9.1% in 2009, 14.1% in 2010, and 12.9% in 2011, which shows that noroviruses constituted a major causative agent of acute gastroenteritis. Also, the incidence of noroviral infection in patients with acute gastroenteritis increased after the large-scale new influenza in 2009. Conclusions: The genetic characteristics of norovirus and the epidemiologic patterns of a viral pathogen in acute gastroenteritis patients may provide potentially effective data for epidemiological studies in Seoul, Korea.