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Optimum Tapping Size and Number for Sap Collection of Acer mono (고로쇠나무 수액 채취를 위한 적정 천공 크기와 천공 수)

  • Moon, Hyun-Shik;Kwon, Su-Duk
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.185-189
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    • 2006
  • Optimum tapping size and number for sap collection were investigated to minimize damage on tree growth and secure resources for sap by sap collection of Acer mono. The amounts of sap collected by tapping size of 12 mm, 10 mm and 8 mm was 189 L, 140 L and 193 L, respectively. Fusion rates by tapping size were 100% for 8 mm, 89% for 10 mm and 85% for 12 mm, respectively. Amount of sap by size and number of tapping were much at three, two and three tappings to small, middle and large diameter tree in case of 8 mm tapping, and it was large in quantity at two tappings of 12 mm tapping to large diameter tree, respectively. Trees tapped from one to three tappings of 8 mm size for small diameter tree with treatment of DB ointment (mixture of thiophane ointment and 2% bamboo charcoal powder) were completely filled up within 6 months. Diameter growth by number of tapping of 8 mm size was 0.60 mm for one tapping, 1.12 mm for two tappings and 0.47 mm for three tappings to small, middle and large diameter tree, respectively. In case of 12 mm tapping size, diameter growth was fast in the order of large (0.55 mm), middle (0.30 mm) and small (0.23 mm) diameter tree, respectively.

The Comparison of Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) with 10 mm Thoracoscopy to 2 mm Thoracoscopy for Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (원발성 자연 기흉에서 10 mm와 2 mm 비디오 흉강경 수술의 비교)

  • Hwang Jin-Wook;Jo Won-Min;Min Byoung-Ju;Son Ho-Sung;Lee In-Sung;Shin Jae-Seung
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.38 no.9 s.254
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    • pp.627-632
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    • 2005
  • Background: The video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) with 2 mm thoracoscopy in primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) was known to be unreliable in its accuracy and recurrence rate. We compared 10 mm VATS with 2 mm VATS in the results of operation. Material and Method: From Sept. 1998 to Dec. 2002, 176 cases (10 mm VATS; 73 cases, 2 mm VATS; 103 cases) of PSP were treated by VATS blob resection at Korea University Ansan Hospital. 10 mm thoracoscope, 5 mm port, and 5 mm instruments were used in 10 mm VATS group, and 2 mm thoracoscope, 2 mm ports and 2 mm instruments used in 2 mn VATS group. In the two groups, staples were inserted through 11.5 mm port for chest tube. Result: The mean follow-up duration was 20,8$\pm$16.1 months in 10 mm VATS group, and 13.9 $\pm$8.2 months in 2 mm VATS. The most common indication of operation was a recurrent pneumothorax ($34\%$) in 10 mm VATS and patient's desire ($40\%$) in 2 mm VATS, respectively. The operation time, number of staples used in operation, postoperative chest tube keeping days, postoperative total amount of drainage, and postoperative hospitalization days were statistically lower in 2 mm VATS. Other significant variables affecting the operation time in linear regression analysis were the number of staples that used in operation, the presence of pleural adhesion, and type of pleurodesis and thoracoscope used in operation. However, $R^2$ values were lower than 0.1. The postoperative recurrence rate was $2.7\%$ in 10 mm VATS and $2.9\%$ in 2 mm VATS. It was not significant statistically. Recurrent cases developed within 1 year in both groups but the difference was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Although there were differences in follow-up duration between two groups, the operation time, number of staples that used in operation, postoperative chest tube keeping days, postoperative total amount of drainage, and postoperative hospitalization days were statistically lower in 2 mm VATS. And in 2 mm VATS, there were no technical difficulties during operation and no differences in recurrence rate from 10 mm VATS. As a result, we suggest that 2 mm VATS can be used in the treatment of PSP.

Optical system design for recognition of human iris (홍채인식용 광학계 설계)

  • 홍경희
    • Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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    • v.11 no.6
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    • pp.390-394
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    • 2000
  • An optical system for iris pattern recognition of the human eye is designed. The lens system is triplet type, and characterized to minimize longitudinal chromatic aberration and Petzval sum. The distance from object to image is 200 mm-300 mm and the effective focal length is 50 mm. Performance of the imaging system is assessed by calculating the ray-fan and spot diagram for Fraunhofer C, d and F line for object height 0 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm. Furthermore, MTFs are calculated. All of the spot sizes are less than 0.05 mm in diameter. The MTF values are higher than 0.5 in the spatial frequency range up to 20 lines/mm for all of the object heights. ights.

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A Study on Physical Properties About Velvet Antler of the Elk(Cerus canadensis) (엘크 녹용의 물성 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Sung, S.H.;Han, J.H.;Kim, Y.M.;Kim, B.K.
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.201-210
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    • 2007
  • In this study, physical properties of Elk antler was investigated to develop the optimum drying and packaging methods for improving the antler quality as well as deal with diversify of demand. After the antler was sliced with 5 mm thickness, and the compressive, shear, and tensile stresses were measured at the center and velvet parts of pre-dried and dried antlers after the contained water rate of the dried antlers was maintained below 10%. The results are as follows. 1. Considering the center of pre-dried antlers, the compressive stresses were $60.73\;g/mm^2$, $145.65\;g/mm^2$, and $260.97\;g/mm^2$, respectively at the upper, middle, and lower parts while $70.67\;g/mm^2$, $811.90\;g/mm^2$, $3,235.52\;g/mm^2$, respectively for velvet layer. Considering the center of dried antlers, the compressive stresses were $190.43\;g/mm^2$, $445.81\;g/mm^2$, and $705.86\;g/mm^2$, respectively at the upper, middle, and lower parts while $734.01\;g/mm^2$, $1,238.40\;g/mm^2$, $4,134.03\;g/mm^2$, respectively for velvet layer. 2. For the pre-dried, the shear stresses were $50.24\;g/mm^2$, $294.44\;g/mm^2$, and $423.47\;g/mm^2$, respectively, and $124.14\;g/mm^2$, $367.69\;g/mm^2$, and $425.86\;g/mm^2$, respectively for the dried antlers. 3. The tensile stresses were $13.59\;g/mm^2$, $62.85\;g/mm^2$, and $112.07\;g/mm^2$, respectively for the pre-dried and $77.24\;g/mm^2$, $175.87\;g/mm^2$, and $184.06\;g/mm^2$, respectively for the dried antlers. 4. In the case of drying antlers, the physical characteristics of the antlers was. changed such as moisture evaporation, contraction, and surface hardening. For the center part, the changes of the physical characteristics were more significant at the lower part while at the upper part for the velvet layer. 5. The stress changes of Elk antlers was shown very remarkably according to growth point. Moreover, the stress was clearly higher at velvet layer part to the center part, base parts compared to the upper parts.

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Small Scaled Laboratory Test of Eco-Friendly Backfill Materials with Bottom Ash (바톰애쉬를 이용한 환경친화적 뒤채움재의 실내모형실험)

  • Lee, Kwan-Ho;Lee, Kyung-Jung
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.1889-1894
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    • 2012
  • A small-scale chamber test laboratory for controlled low strength materials with bottom ash and recycled in-situ soil have been carried out. Laboratory test which was simulated during construction stage was conducted. The vertical deflection of 4.43mm to 6.6mm, and the horizontal deflection of 5.49mm to 15.9 mm were measured during backfilling. In case of loading, the vertical deflection of 2.41mm to 8.69mm, and the horizontal deflection of 1.66mm to 2.53mm were measured. Its residual deflections were 1.40mm to 5.93mm for vertical and 1.66mm to 2.53mm for lateral. The vertical and horizontal deflecto of controlled low strength materials were smaller than that of sand backfill. Also, it was same trend for the measured surface settlement.

The Effect of Knee Flexion and Posterior Septal Release on the Location of Popliteal Artery (무릎 굴곡 및 후방 관절낭 절제술이 슬와 동맥의 위치에 주는 영향)

  • Seo, Seung-Suk;Seo, Jin-Hyuk;Kim, Chang-Wan;Kwon, Yong-Wook
    • Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.69-74
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    • 2012
  • Purpose: By confirm the change of popliteal arterial position when extension or flexion of the knee and estimate the change of popliteal arterial position after posterior capsular release, we tried to know the position can minimize injury of popliteal artery during arthroscopic surgery and usefulness of posterior capsular release. Materials and Methods: Total of two middle-aged man and woman, fresh frozen cadavers as systemic, all four cases of the knee were included in this study. After the knee was flexed to 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees angle, we estimated distance from posterior tibial cortex to popliteal artery at articular surface, the distal 1 cm and 2 cm from articular surface. We performed posterior capsular release by arthroscopy, and estimated distance between posterior tibial cortex and popliteal artery in the same way. Results: Mean distance between popliteal artery and posterior tibial cortex was 6.3 mm (4.5~7), 4.6 mm (3.6~6), 4.9 mm (3.9~5.8) when knee flexion to 0 degrees at articular surface, distal 1 cm and 2 cm from articular surface each. When knee flexion to 30 degrees, it was 7.4 mm (5.2~9), 4.9 mm (3.6~7.2), 5.3 mm (3.8~6.6). When knee flexion to 60 degrees, it was 8.7 mm (5.4~11), 5.2 mm (4.9~7.3), 6.2 mm (5.4~9.6). When knee flexion to 90 degrees, it was 9.8 mm (5.8~12.1), 5.5 mm (5.1~7.4), 6.5 mm (5.4~10.7). After posterior capsule release, the distance was 6.5 mm (5.5~7.5), 5.8 mm (3.9~7.2), 5.2 mm (3.8~7.0) when knee flexion to 0 degrees, 7.7 mm (5.5~9,1), 7.1 mm (4.6~7.6), 5.5 mm (4.1~6.9) when knee flexion to 30 degrees, 8.9 mm (5.7~11.2), 8.5 mm (5.5~9.2), 6.4 mm (5.3~10.1) when knee flexion to 60 degrees and 10.2 mm (6.3~13.6), 9.5 mm (6.5~11), 6.6 mm (5.9~9.8) when knee flexion to 90 degrees. Conclusion: As knee joint is flexed, the distance from posterial tibial cortex to popliteal artery are increased beween knee joint articular surface and distal 2 cm from knee joint. So popliteal artery injury will be reduced at knee joint surgery. Posterior capsular release could also reduce popliteal artery injury by increasing distance between posterior tibial cortex and popliteal artery.

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Usefulness of Ultrasonographic Examination in Diagnosis and Follow-up of the Frozen Shoulder (동결견의 진단과 치료 경과 판정에 대한 초음파 검사의 유용성)

  • Choi, Chang-Hyuk;Kim, Seok-Jun;Lee, Sang-Hwa;Kim, Hee-Soo;Shim, Jung-Hyun
    • The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.1-6
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    • 2014
  • Purpose: In order to know the effectiveness of ultrasonographic examination in diagnosis and follow-up evaluation for the frozen shoulder, we compared those with contralateral side in initial and after steroid injection. Materials and Methods: For the 20 unilateral frozen shoulder from July 2012 to July 2013, ultrasonographic examination was tried using reference line 1 (CBT: distance from coracoid process to LHB tendon) and line 2 (CBG: distance from coracoid process to bicipital groove). We tried 1 time steroid injection and compared the improvement in gross motion and reference line with 2 month, 4 month, and 6 month's serial ultrasonographic examination. Results: The differences on CBT line between lesion side and normal side were -5.6 mm, -5.0 mm, and -4.3 mm in neutral (Neut), external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR), respectively. The differences on CBG line were -6.1 mm, -4.7 mm, and -5.0 mm respectively (p<0.05). The changes in the reference line after steroid injection were evaluated at 2 month (CBT: -4.8 mm, -3.5 mm, -2.6 mm / CBG: -4.7 mm, -4.0 mm, -3.6 mm), 4 month (CBT: -4.7 mm, -3.2 mm, -1.7 mm / CBG: -4.3 mm, -3.7 mm, -1.2 mm), and 6 month (CBT: -1.1 mm, -2.9 mm, -0.5 mm / CBG: -1.2 mm, -0.7 mm, -0.9 mm). The gross motion was improved at 4 month after injection, from elevation $108^{\circ}$, ER $32^{\circ}$, IR L5 in initial to $133^{\circ}$, $42^{\circ}$, L3 respectively (p<0.05). Pain improved from 7.5 in initial to 3.0 at 2 month on visual analog scale (VAS). Conclusion: The serial examination after steroid injection revealed that the delayed improvement on reference line (6 month) compared with pain (2 month) or gross motion (4 month). Dynamic ultrasonogram was useful in diagnosis and follow-up evaluation of frozen shoulder.

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A Report of Basic Ecology and Distribution, Host Plants of Cantao ocellatus (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) in Korea (방패광대노린재 국내 분포, 기주식물 및 기초 생태 보고)

  • Kim, Dong Eon;Kil, Jihyon;Lee, Do Hun
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.52 no.2
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    • pp.93-100
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    • 2013
  • In this study, the distribution of Cantao ocellatus in Korea occurred at Jindo, Tongyoung, Gwangju and Taean including Jejudo in 2012 and was coincidentally in accordance with the distribution of Mallotus japonicus as a host plant. The adult emerges in M. japonicus occur from late June to early July and can be observed until the end of October. The investigation of the female and male was measured, developmental characteristics, host plant and oviposition preference under the conditions of temperature $25^{\circ}C({\pm}2)$, humidity 65%(${\pm}2$), day length 16L:8D, by indoor breeding. For females and males respectively, average body lengths were 26.20 mm and 23.88 mm, body widths 11.35 mm and 10.57 mm, head widths 3.84 mm and 3.64 mm, probosics lengths 7.90 mm and 7.27 mm, antennal lengths 9.87 mm and 9.69 mm, anterior leg lengths 12.50 mm and 12.27 mm, intermediate leg lengths 14.61 mm and 13.12 mm, posterior leg lengths 16.90 mm and 16.53 mm, and fresh weights 0.46 g and 0.31 g. It was seen that two kinds of C. ocellatus had prickles at the end of the pronotum which had developed in the fifth instars. The female is distinguished from the male by the reproductive organ and the spotted pattern on the abdominal segment. The preference of drinks was fruit, leafstalk, midrib, and branch in Mallotus japonicus (Thunb.) Muell. Arg., Mallotus japonicus 'Variegatus', Ricinus communis L., Lonicera japonicus var. repens (Siebold) Rehder, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino.

Age and Growth of Three Species of Genus Gymnogobius from Korea (한국산 날망둑속(屬) 3종(種) (망둑어과(科))의 연령과 성장)

  • Kim, Young-Ja;Kim, Jong-Man
    • Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.237-247
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    • 2001
  • Three species, Gymnogobius urotaenia, G. sp. 1 and G. sp. 2, which were collected at Hosanriver, Hosan-ri, Samcheock-si, Gangwon-do, Korea, were examined for study of the age and growth. There was no differences between sexes in growth (p>0.05) except in age 0 of G. urotaenia, However, there were differences among the three species (p<0.0001). namely, G. sp. 1 was longer by about 5~10 mm (SL) than the other two species in each age group, while G. sp. 2 was shortest in each age group: G. rotaenia, at age 0 was less than 45 mm, at age 1 to be 45~60 mm, at age 2 to be 60~80 mm, at age 3 to be over 80 mm, and its maximum size was 105.0 mm. G. sp. 1, at age 0 was less than 55 mm, at age 1 55~65 mm, at age 2 65~85 mm, at age 3 over 85 mm and its maximum size was 105.3 mm. G. sp. 2, 0 age was less than 40 mm, at age 1 40~55 mm, at age 2 55~75 mm, at age 3 over 75 mm and its maximum size was 85 mm. Changes of body parts with increasing of body length were examined and analyzed. Covariance analysis showed interspecies differences in the following characters: body depth, head length, caudal peduncle depth, upper jaw length and pelvic fin ray length. G. urotaenia had the highest K-value (the relative growth coefficient) in head length and pelvic fin ray length, and G. sp. 1 had the highest in body depth, caudal peduncle depth and upper jaw length. However, G. sp. 2 had the lowest K-value in these 5 characters.

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Evaluation of root and root canal morphology of elderly Korean patients maxillary molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT를 이용한 한국인 고령환자의 상악 대구치에서 치근 및 근관형태의 분석)

  • Lee, Tae-Yong;Kim, Mi-Yeon;Kim, Sun-Ho;Kim, Jeong-Hee
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.58 no.2
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    • pp.95-102
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    • 2020
  • Purpose:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of the second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal, root fusion, and C-shaped root canal configuration in the Korean maxillary first (MM1) and second (MM2) molars by analyzing cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images. Materials and methods: Patients undergoing presurgical CBCT examination were included in the current study. The CBCT images of 1498 MM1 and 1742 MM2 from 1658 Korean patients were assessed to determine the incidence of a MB2 canal, the types of canal configurations, root fusion, and C-shaped root canal configurations. Further, the correlations between the incidence of MB2 canal and age, gender, and tooth position were analyzed. Results: The study population was relatively old (mean age: 66.1 years). The percentage of MB2 canals in MB roots was 60.1% and 28.0% in MM1 and MM2, respectively, with the most common configurations being Weine type III in MM1 and Weine type II in MM2. Additionally, the frequency of a MB2 canal decreased with age in both molars and was higher in men than in women in the MM1 only. Furthermore, root fusion was present in 2.3% and 26.2% of the MM1 and MM2, respectively, whereas C-shaped root canals were observed in 0.4% and 2.7% of the MM1 and MM2, respectively. Conclusion: The MB2 canal was found more frequently in the MM1, whereas root fusion and C-shaped root canals were both seen more frequently in the MM2.