• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제96권2호
• /
• pp.160-169
• /
• 2007

The data used to develop distance-independent individual models for natural mixed forests were collected from 712 remeasured permanent sample plots (25,526 trees) of 10-year periodic from 1990 to 2000 in Baihe Forest Bureau of Changbai Mountains, northeast China. Based on analyzing relationship between diameter increment of individual trees with tree size, competitive status, and site condition, the diameter growth models for individual trees of 15 species growing in mixed-species uneven-aged forest stands, that have simple form, good predicting precision, and easily applicable, were developed using stepwise regression method. The main variables influencing on diameter increment of individual trees were tree size and competition, however, the site conditions were not significantly related with diameter increment. The tree size variables (lnDBH and $DBH^2$) were the most significant and important predictors of diameter growth existing in all 15 growth models. The diameter increment was directly proportional to tree diameter for each species. For the competitive factors in growth model, the relative diameter (RD), canopy closure (P), and the ratio of diameter of subject tree with maximum diameter (DDM) were contributed to the diameter increment at a certain extent. Other measures of stand density, such as basal area of stand (G) and stand density index (SDI), were not significantly influenced on diameter increment. Site factors, such as site index, slope and aspect were not important to diameter increment and excluded in the final models. The total variance explained by the final models of squared diameter increment ($R^2$) for all 15 species ranged from 35% to 72% and these results compared quit closely with those of Wykoff (1990) for mixed conifer stands. Using independent data set, validation measures were evaluated for predicting models of diameter increment developed in this study. The result indicated that the estimated precision was all greater than 94% and the models were suitable to describe diameter increment.

• 농업생명과학연구
• /
• 제44권3호
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2010

본 연구는 거제도 학동 동백나무림 보전과 합리적인 관리방안을 위한 기초자료를 확보하기 위함에 있다. 현장조사는 동백나무림, 혼효림, 편백조림지, 해송림에서 이루어졌다. 교목층은 동백나무림과 혼효림에서 동백나무의 중요치가 가장 높았으며, 편백조림지는 편백, 해송림은 해송의 중요치가 가장 높았다. 아교목층의 경우 동백나무림은 동백나무, 혼효림은 좀작살나무, 편백조림지는 참식나무, 해송림은 때죽나무의 중요치가 가장 높게 나타났다. 종다양도 지수는 동백나무림 0.121~1.589, 혼효림 0.543~1.540, 편백조림지 0.276~1.321, 해송림 0.764~1.523의 범위에 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 토양 pH는 동백나무림 5.72. 혼효림 5.26, 편백조림지 5.21, 해송림 5.32로 분석되었으며, 유기물과 전질소 함량은 동백나무림 5.77, 0.48%, 혼효림 4.41, 0.30%, 편백조림지 3.28, 0.33%, 그리고 해송림이 5.32, 0.28%로 나타났다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2004년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2004
• /
• pp.14-16
• /
• 2004

Although there have been wide range of studies to characterize forest stands based upon spectral information of satellite image, it was not fully understood the texture information of forest stand using high resolution data. The objective of this study is to evaluate several texture measures for characterizing forest stand structure, such as species composition, diameter at breast height(DBH), stand density, and age. High resolution IKONOS satellite imagery data were acquired in August 200 lover the forested area near Ulsan, Korea. Primary forest types were plantation pine, mixed forest, and natural deciduous forest of stand age ranging from 10 to 50 years old. Several GLCM-based texture measures were compared with forest stand characteristics. In overall, a texture measure (contrast) calculated using red band were better to differentiate species and age group than other texture measures and near infrared bands.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.66-73
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the ecological attributes of forest types which were classified by cluster analysis in the natural forest of Mt. Odae on the basis of the vegetation data (232 sampling points) from the point-quarter sampling methods. For the classified types, the species composition was expressed by importance value to describe the stand structure and the species diversity was quantified using the Shannon's diversity index. Recognized forest types were 1) Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora-Betula ermanii forest type, 2) Mixed mesophytic forest type, 3) Q. mongolica forest type, 4) B. ermanii forest type. Species diversity indices of total and overstory were highest in the Mixed mesophytic forest type (3.465 and 2.942), and lowest in the B. ermanii forest type (0.118 and 0.832). In addition to that, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora-B. ermanii forest type was calculated as 3.226 and 2.565, and Q. mongolica forest type was calculated as 2.776 and 1.218 in total and overstory, respectively. It was considered that after the P. densiflora and B. ermanii first invaded and site condition became good, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora-B. ermanii forest type was dominated by Q. mongolica. Mixed mesophytic forest type showed the most stable stand structure with various species distributed uniformly. Q. mongolica forest type would preserve the present stand status for a while, and the B. ermanii in B. ermanii forest type would be pressed by other species over time.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제98권6호
• /
• pp.772-779
• /
• 2009

산림 생태계 내 탄소 수지에 관한 기초자료를 확보하기 위해 소나무와 참나무류의 순림 및 이들의 혼효임분에 대한 탄소 저장량을 추정하였다. 연구대상지는 강원도 횡성군 둔내면 일대로 임분별로 흉고직경 5 cm 이상 임목에 대한 흉고단면적($m^2/ha$)을 기준으로 소나무:참나무류의 비율이 95:5인 소나무 순림과 0:100인 참나무류 순림, 그리고 20:80-70:30인 혼효림을 선정하였다. 각각의 임분 내 식생, 낙엽층, 고사목의 생체량과 탄소 농도를 분석하고, 0-30 cm 깊이까지의 토양 탄소 농도를 분석하였다. 식생(상층 임목과 하층 식생)의 탄소 저장량은 참나무류 순림에서 147.6 Mg C/ha, 소나무 순림에서 141.4 Mg C/ha, 혼효림에서 115.8 Mg C/ha 등으로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 낙엽층 내 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 12.7 Mg C/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 9.9 Mg C/ha와 혼효림에서 8.4 Mg C/ha 등이었으며, 고사목 내 탄소 저장량은 혼효림에서 2.2 Mg/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 1.7 Mg/ha 와 소나무 순림에서 1.1 Mg/ha 등으로 낙엽층의 탄소량은 임분간 유의한 차이가 있었으나(p<0.05), 고사목의 탄소 저장량은 임분간 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 지표로부터 30 cm 깊이까지의 토양 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 44.4 Mg C/ha이고, 혼효림에서 41.6 Mg C/ha과 참나무류 순림에서 33.3 Mg C/ha 등의 분포를 보였으나 임분간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 생태계 내 총 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 199.6 Mg C/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 192.5 Mg C/ha, 혼효림에서 169.1 Mg C/ha 등으로 임분별로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 탄소 저장량이 혼효림에서 순림보다 낮은 것은 탄소 저장량의 대부분을 차지하는 식생의 탄소 저장량이 혼효림에서 더 낮기 때문이었다. 혼효림의 식생은 소나무와 참나무류의 종간경쟁으로 참나무류의 직경생장이 둔화되고 임분 밀도가 높아 참나무류 임목간의 경쟁이 심하게 되어 순림보다 낮은 생체량을 보이는 것으로 추정된다. 혼효임분에서 탄소 저장량을 증가시키기 위해서는 간벌과 같은 적절한 임분관리를 통한 임분의 종내 및 종간경쟁을 완화시킬 필요가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2013

The correlation between disturbance intensity and stand development was evaluated on the basis of natural forest community type classification in areas of Baekhaksan (more disturbed area) and Hwangaksan (less disturbed area). The vegetation data were collected by point-centered quarter sampling method, and they were subjected to cluster analysis for classifying community types and to analysis of species composition and species diversity for reviewing ecological characteristics. By the method of cluster analysis, natural forests of Baekhaksan were classified into Quercus forest community, Pinus densiflora community, Q. variabilis community, and Q. mongolica community. Those of Hwangaksan were divided into P. densiflora community, Q. mongolica community, Q. forest community, and Mixed mesophytic community. It is presumed that more developed and less disturbed forest area shows multiple species community pattern and more diversified structure than less developed and more disturbed forest area. In Korean peninsula, the abundance of red pine may play an important indicator to estimate the developmental pattern of the forest after artificial disturbance. The overall evaluation indicated that less disturbed Hwangaksan area had more developed stand pattern with mixed mesophytic community, more complicated species composition, and higher species diversity than Baekhaksan area.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.237-247
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the carbon (C) contents in different mixed stands of P. dens if/ora and deciduous oak species in Gwangneung, central Korea. Five mixed stands with different ratios of P. densiflora and deciduous oak species were chosen based on the basal area of all trees ${\geq}\;5cm$ DBH: pure P. densiflora (P100D0), 70% P. densiflora + 30% deciduous oak species (P70D30), 44% P. densiflora + 56% deciduous oak species (P50D50), 37% P. densiflora + 63% deciduous oak species (P40D60), and 10% P. densiflora + 90% deciduous oak species (P10D90). Total C contents in the overstory (aboveground and belowground) vegetation were higher in the mixed stands (P70D30, P50D50, P40D60) than in the pure stands (P100D0, P10D90). Moreover, except for P40D60, C contents of forest floor (litter and coarse woody debris) were larger in the mixed stands (P70D30, P50D50) than in the pure stands. However, total soil C contents up to 30cm depth were highest in the pure deciduous oak stand than in the pure P. densiflora stand and mixed stands. Total ecosystem C contents (Mg/ha) were 163.3 for P100D0, 152.3 for P70D30, 188.8 for P50D50, 160.2 for P40D60, and 150.4 for P10D90, respectively. These differences in total ecosystem C contents among the different mixed stands for P. densiflora and deciduous oak species within the study stands were attributed by the differences in vegetation development and forest management practices. Among the five study stands, the total ecosystem C contents were maximized in the 1:1 mixed ratio of P. densiflora and deciduous oak species (P50D50).

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.133-144
• /
• 2014

This study was carried out to review the pattern of forest stand development for six Gangwondo Baekdudaegan Mountains which experienced different type and duration of intensive legal protection. Vegetation data from point sampling method were employed to classify community types by cluster analysis on the basis of the importance values of canopy tree species for the study areas. The names of classified communities were given by the composition of dominant tree species. The communities were also compared one another in terms of stand structure by species diversity index. The results indicated that National Parks (Seoraksan and Odaesan) had greater proportion of mixed mesophytic forest type which was supposed to progress further forest succession process so as to have more complex and diversified stand structure. On the other hand, ordinary forest areas (Seokbyeongsan and Deokhangsan) had greater proportion of the forest types which was dominatively composed of Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora. The forest types with large amount of these two species would tend to develop for relatively short period of time of 40-50 years after artificial disturbances. Hyangnobong of Natural Protection Area and Hambaeksan of Natural Ecosystem Conservation Area showed intermediate stand development pattern in between National Parks and ordinary forest areas. The period of intensive legal protection of the forest area was positively correlated with species diversity index (R=0.736), and noted that the forest which received intensive protection regulation for longer period tended to show more complex and diversified stand structure.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.33-44
• /
• 1983

Vegetatiion structure and population dynamcis of pine needle gall midge were investigated from 1980 to 1982 at the southern part of Palgong mountain near Daegu. The results of investigation at the areas of A (pure stand), B(30% mixed forest) adn C(60% mixed forest) were as follow; Vegeation of 3 areas were not classified by the species diversity, but by the unequal distribution of Alnus hirsuta, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Quercus variabilis and vitality of Pinus densiflora at the area C was low, due to shadow by broad-leaf trees. Soil environmental factors at 3 areas not characteristic, but the average of humus contents showed high significance and the order was A

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.237-252
• /
• 2016

Improved knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the natural regeneration of tree species in limestone forest is urgently required for species conservation. We examined the environmental factors and tree species characteristics that are important for colonization in diverse forest stands growing on a limestone hill in northern Thailand. Our analysis estimated the relative influence of forest structure and environmental factors on the regeneration traits of tree species. We established sixty-four $100-m^2$ plots in four forest stands on the limestone hill. We determined the species composition of canopy trees, regenerating seedlings, and saplings in relation to the physical environment. The relationships between environmental variables and tree species abundance were assessed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and we used generalized linear mixed models to examine data on seedling/sapling abundances. The CCA ordination indicated that the abundance of tree species within the mixed deciduous forest was closely related to soil depth. The abundances of tree species growing within the sink-hole and hill-slope stands were positively related to the extent of rocky outcropping; light and soil moisture positively influenced the abundance of tree species in the hill-cliff stand. Physical factors had a greater effect on tree regeneration than did factors related to forest structure. Tree species, such as Ficus macleilandii, Dracaena cochinchinensis, and Phyllanthus mirabilis within the hill-cliff or sink-hole stand, colonized well on large rocky outcroppings that were well illuminated and had soft soils. These species regenerated well under conditions prevailing on the limestone hill. The colonization of several species in other stands was negatively influenced by environmental conditions at these sites. We found that natural regeneration of tree species on the limestone hill was difficult because of the prevailing combination of physical and biological factors. The influence of these factors was species dependent, and the magnitude of effects varied across forest stands.