• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 1989

A macromolecular fraction from fresh ginseng root containing mainly polysaccharide showed mild mitogenic activity in human cord blood lymphocytes. 2) When lymphocytes were transformed by Con A or PHA, this fraction could greatly enhance the activity of these lectin mitogens, thus showing a potentiation effect. 3) Although this macromolerular fraction contains saponin and is susceptible to trypsin digestion, it is probably a peptido-glycan in nature on account of its important carbohydrate content and thermal stability. 4) This fraction could not support cancer cell (EAT, K562) growth : its inhibitory effect on these cells remains to be explored.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 1998

Peroxisome proliferators induce hepatic peroxisome proliferation and hepatic tumors in rodents. These chemicals increase the expression of the peroxisomal $\beta$-oxidation pathway and the cytochrome P-450 4A family, which metabolizes lipids, including eicosanoids. Peroxisome proliferators transiently induce increased cell proliferation in vivo. However, peroxisome proliferators are weakly mitogenic and are not co-mitogenic with epidermal growth factor (EGF) in cultured hepatocytes. Earlier study found that the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate is cornitogenic with eicosanoids. In order to study possible mechanisms of the comitogenicity of peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate and eicosanoids' we hypothesized that the co-mitogenicity may result from synergistic or additive increases of second messengers in mitogenic signal pathways. We therefore examined the effect of the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate, prostaglandin $F_2_{\alpha}$($PGF_2{\alpha}$) and the combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ with or without growth factors on the protein kinase C (PKC) activity, and inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate ($IP_{3-}$) and intracellular calcium ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) concentrations in cultured rat hepatocytes. The combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ significantly increased particulate PKC activity. The combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ also significantly increased EGF, transforming growth factor-$\alpha$ ($TGF_2{\alpha}$) and hepatic growth factor (HGF)-induced particulate PKC activity. The combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2_\alpha$greatly increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. However, the increases of PKC activity and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ by ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ alone were much smaller. Neither ciprofibrate or $PGF_2{\alpha}$ alone nor the combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ significantly increased the formation of $IP_3$. The combination of ciprofibrate and $PGF_2{\alpha}$, however, blocked the inhibitory effect of $TGF-{\beta}$ on particulate PKC activity and formation of $IP_3$ induced by EGF. These results show that co-mitogenicity of the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate and eicosanoids may result from the increase in particulate PKC activity and intracellular calcium concentration but not from the formation of $IP_3$.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.760-764
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• 2007

We investigated that the immunomodulating activity of BL18 (Ganshu) acupuncture on the experimental liver metastasis model of mice. NA (non-acupoint)- and BL18-treatment enhanced the mitogenic activity of BALB/c whole splenocytes induced by various mitogenic stimuli. Acupuncture treatment tended to increase splenocytes differentiation even though did not show significance. Acupuncture treatment caused a marked increase of production of Th1 cytokine (IFN-${\gamma}$) and Th2 cytokine (IL-4) by splenocytes and IL-12 and IFN-Y by macrophages. The increase of cytokine production on BL18-treated group was more pronounced compared to NA-treated group. The liver weight of NA- and BL18-treated group decreased compared to tumor group, but did not showed significant differences.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.254-261
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• 1993

Developing new substance for immunosuppressor or immunomodulator from natural products is extremely important in the present biomedicine. In this paper, we focused our efforts on the mitogenicity and immunochemical properties of the two lectins (LCC-I, LCC-II) obtained from marine animal Lunella coronata coreensis. Immunochemical techniques were employed to elucidate the structural and/or functional similarities between the LCC lectins. Molecular weight of the LCC lectins, LCC-I and LCC-II were estimated to be around 60 KD and 66-70 KD, respectively. LCC lectins were mitogens for murine splenic lymphocytes, and the optimum mitogenic doses were 31.25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml and 3.91 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, respectively. LCC-II lectin was a good mitogen toward human peripheral lymphocytes at a concentration about 31.25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.179-183
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the biological activities of 70% ethanol extracts from rice husks of nine rice cultivars in Korea. The relative antioxidant activities of rice husk extracts were evaluated by determining DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The contents of total polyphenol, flavonoid and r-oryzanol were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Among the extracts of rice husks, Nokmi rice husks tended to have the most effective antioxidant activities compared to other rice husk varieties. Seolgaeng rice husk extract showed anti-proliferative activity against cancer cell lines (MCF7 and NCI-H460), and Hongjinju rice husk extract significantly exhibited mitogenic activity.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 1995

To investigate the biological functions of the EGF-like domain of mouse betacellulin (BTC), mouse BTC(33-80), a 48-residue peptide corresponding to the EGF-like domain, was synthesized by stepwise solidphase methods using a 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) strategy. The homogeneity of synthetic mouse BTC(33-80) was confirmed by analytical reversed phase (RP)-HPLC, amimo acid analysis, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometer (FAB-MS). Three disulfide bond pairings of synthetic mouse BTC(33-80) were established by amino acid analysis of cysteine-containing fragments derived from thermolytic digestion. These were consistent with the pairings of EGF and transforming growth factor ($TGF-{\alpha}$). The EGF-Iike domain of mouse BTC showed equipotent activity in both EGF-receptor binding on A-431 epidermoid carcinoma cells, and mitogenesis on NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells, as compared with authentic h-EGF. Results suggest that the EGF-Iike domain of BTC plays a significant role in mitogenic activity with an EGF-receptor mediated system.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2002

In the course of searching immunomodulators from natural sources, the protein-bound polysaccharide, CM-Ala, has been isolated from the water extract of Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae). The immunostimulatory characteristics have been investigated in several experiments such as generation of activated killer (AK) cells, proliferation of splenocytes, activation of macrophages and granulocyte macrophage-colony forming cell (GM-CFC) assay. Of the fractions obtained using Sephacryl S200 column chromatography, CM-Ala was the most effective fraction that augmented the cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells from 0.88% to 34.18% by culturing with splenocytes for 5 days. CM-Ala also enhanced nitric oxide production by two fold in peritoneal macrophages and exhibited antitumor activity. It showed mitogenic activity on both spleen cells and bone marrow cells. CM-Ala induced proliferation of splenocytes by 84 fold and increased GM-CFC numbers by 1.48 fold over than the non-treated. On the contrary, CM-Ala had cytotoxic activity to a diverse group of tumor cells. From the above results, we proposed that CM-Ala has a possibility of an effective antitumor immunostimulator.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 1999

An acidic polysaccharide H-III was extracted from fruiting bodies of Lyophyllum shimeji with hot water. Acid hydrolysis and gas chromatography analysis showed that the polysaccharide was almost exclusively composed of glucose with a very small amount of mannose and galactose. Uronic acid of 8.36% was also detected in H-Ill. Its molecular weight was estimated to be $1{\times} 10^6 Da.\;By\;^{13}C-NMR$ analysis, some repeating units of disaccharide were detected in the polymer H-III. The polysaccharide showed a strong mitogenic activity in a dose-dependent manner.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.180.2-180.2
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• 2000

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.306-312
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• 1997

We attempted to isolate and characterize the lectins from stem and leaves of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) by affinity chromatography. Lectin I was isolated only from stem. Lectin II was not isolated from Korean mistletoe, whereas lectin III was isolated from the stem and leaves. The hemagglutinating activity of lectin I was 16HU and inhibited by D-galactose, lactose, and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. The lectin I has molecular weight of 60, 000D being composed of two basic subunits with molecular weights of 32, 000D and 28, 000D which are linked by a disufide bond. The lectin III from stem has molecular weight of 66, 000D being two basic subunits which have molecular weights of 34, 000D and 29, 000D and are linked by a disufide bond. The activity of lectin I was stable at the pH range of 4.00-8.50 and at a wide range of temperature (0-42.deg. C). The lectin I showed more potent mitogenic activity to murine lymphocytes than concanavalin A.