• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.661-669
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• 2011

This study investigated the quality characteristics of saccharified minor cereal gruel prepared with different grain kojis (rice, buckwheat, sorghum, adlay, and Italian millet koji). The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash contents of raw materials showed ranges of 11.12 - 12.85; 5.81-16.24; 0.56 - 4.36, and 0.28 - 1.93%, respectively. The crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash contents of the samples showed ranges of 1.64 to 2.44; 0.08 to 0.28, and 0.09 to 0.18%, respectively. The pH, L, a, and b values ranged from 6.11- 6.43; 58.72 - 65.96; 2.92 - 5.76, and 7.81- 9.42, respectively. The viscosities of saccharified minor cereal gruel prepared with different grain kojis were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the unsaccharified minor cereal gruel. After the saccharification, the soluble solids, glucose, and maltose content were significantly (p<0.05) increased, with ranges of $9.58-10.61^{\circ}Brix$; 0.64 - 0.90%, and 0.32 - 0.50%, respectively. A sensory evaluation indicated that minor cereal gruels saccharified using sorghum koji and adlay koji were more acceptable than unsaccharified minor cereal gruel. In conclusion, the cereal kojis could be used as a gruel processing method that would increase the sensory properties and nutritional values of gruels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.363-367
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• 2006

The nutritional worth of Phalaris minor seeds was assessed in comparison to conventional cereal grains like maize and wheat. P. minor seeds had higher total ash and cell wall constituents as compared to wheat and maize grains. The CP content of P. minor was comparable to wheat grains but higher than maize grains. The in vitro studies revealed that the net gas production and availability of ME from P. minor was comparable to that of maize but the digestibility of nutrients was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of conventional cereal grains. The digestion kinetic parameters for DM and CP revealed that P. minor had the highest (p<0.05) soluble fraction (a) followed by wheat and maize. Reverse trend was observed for insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (b). The effective and true DM and CP degradability was significantly (p<0.05) higher in wheat grains followed by that in P. minor and maize grains. The digestibility of OM and NDF was not affected by replacing cereal grains in concentrate mixture with P. minor seeds up to 75 per cent level. But the availability of ME from concentrate mixtures was comparable to control only up to 50% level of replacement. Replacement of cereal grains with P. minor did not affect the rapidly soluble fraction and insoluble but potentially degradable fraction of concentrate mixture containing P. minor up to 75 per cent, but it was depressed significantly at 100% replacement level. The effective and true degradability of DM of concentrate mixtures containing P. minor from 50 to 100 per cent was comparable to that of conventional concentrate mixture (CCM). The wheat based concentrate mixtures showed higher net gas production (208 vs. 201 ml/g DM/24 h), digestibility of nutrients and ME availability (9.64 vs. 9.54 MJ/kg DM) as compared to maize based concentrate mixture. The wheat based concentrate mixture had significantly (p<0.05) higher rumen undegradable fraction and effective degradability. The data conclusively revealed that conventional cereal grains could be replaced with P.minor seeds up to 75 per cent without affecting the availability of nutrients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.215-215
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• 2007

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 2010

The study was conducted to evaluate the weed suppressing effects of two winter cover crops, Chinese milk vetch (CMV) and rye, in minor cereal fields in 2009. The suppressing activities of cover crops were due to the allelopathy of cover crops during weed emerging periods and competitive activity during vegetative growth of weeds. Weed suppression by cover crops were changed from 26.5 g $m^{-2}$, 0.1 g $m^{-2}$ and 0.2 g $m^{-2}$ in control, rye field and CMV field, respectively, on June 22 to 428.6 g $m^{-2}$, 1 g $m^{-2}$ and 403.9 g $m^{-2}$ in control, rye field and CMV field, respectively, on July 22. The weed dry weights were further changed to 656.3 g $m^{-2}$, 607.8 g $m^{-2}$ and 511.8 g $m^{-2}$ in control, rye field and CMV field, respectively, on August 22. The suppressing effect of cover crops also observed in minor cereals. Plant height and dry weight of sorghum was reduced to 68.7% and 33.6% of handweeding, respectively, on August 5. The reduction was recovered to 82.7% and 55.6% of control, respectively, on August 26. In addition, heading date of minor cereals was delayed by 7 days with rye.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1349-1361
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• 2009

The present study was designed to analyze the relationship of dietary behavior change and nutrient intake status owing to a depression degree for 143 people over 65 years old living in Echeong and Hansan islands area, South Korea. The depression degree was classified into non depression, minor depression and depressive disorder groups using. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale for 143 subjects. The results are as follows; the depression degree significantly made differences according to sex (p<.001), marital status (p<.05), self-related economic status (p<.001) and living expenses (p<.05). The stage of dietary behavior according to the depression degree was as follows; the non depression group was 57.6%, the minor group was 46.8% and the depressive disorder group was 27.1% of the subjects. The intake frequency of the cereal group (p<.05) and fruit group (p<.01) was significantly different among food group intake status owing to the depression degree. Mean adequacy ratio(MAR)[13], MAR[10], and MAR[4] of the depressive disorder group were significantly lower than that of the non depression and minor depression groups. Each average of MAR[13], MAR[10], and MAR[4] for the subjects were $0.68{\pm}0.2$, $0.67{\pm}0.2$, and $0.55{\pm}0.2$. Concerned about the nutrients over 1.0 index of nutritional quality(INQ) 8 nutrients of protein, Phosphorous, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$, niacin and vitamin C belonged to the non depression group. Additionally, 6 nutrients of protein, Phosphorous, iron, zinc, vitamin $B_6$ and niacin were included for minor depression and depressive disorder groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.396-403
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• 1995

Eightly nine common Korean foods were analyzed by the enzymatic-gravimetric method developed by Prosky et al. and adopted by AOAC to determine total dietary fiber(TDF) content. The average TDF content of the foods analyzed was 4.78${\pm}$3.55% for cereal and grain products, 2.56${\pm}$1.65% for potatoes and starches, 1.94${\pm}$0.77% for sugar and sweets, 10.81${\pm}$6.57% for pulse and pulse products, 9.70${\pm}$5.92% for nuts and seeds, 15..38${\pm}$15.76% for seasonings, and 4.98${\pm}$4.35% for beverages. The foods containing the highest TDF values in the food groups were whole grain barley(17.88%) in cereals, yellow soybean(21.05%) in pulses, black sesame(21.34%) in nuts and seeds, and red pepper powder(39.37%) in seasonings except San Cho powder(52.43%). TDF content of rice, the main staple food of Korea, was 2.75% for brown rice and 0.96% for well-milled rice. The TDF value of the foods analyzed ranged from 0.12 to 23.4 times that fo crude fiber reported in the Korean food composition tables. When we consider dietary fiber contents of foods and food consumption patterns together, it is recommended to consume brown rice instead of well-milled rice and increase the consumption of minor cereals and pulses to raise dietary fiber intake.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.1399-1404
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• 2010

Physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of twelve varieties of legumes and cereals in Korea were analyzed and compared. Crude protein content was higher in legumes (20.60~34.47%) than in cereals (8.96~15.45%). Crude fat contents of soybean (17.73%) and black soybean (18.79%) were higher than other legumes (0.68~1.38%) and cereals (1.01~5.39%). The major minerals were potassium, calcium and sodium, and especially calcium and potassium were high in legumes. Unsaturated fatty acids composition ranged from 66.79% in cowpea to 85.14% in soybean, and $\Omega$-3 fatty acids (linolenic acid) content was higher of 7.47~48.25% in legumes than 0.36~3.71% in cereals. Total polyphenol content was higher 1.32~4.15 mg/g in 80% EtOH extracts from legumes than 0.53~2.83 mg/g in cereals. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were high values of 62.60% and 264.20 mg AA eq/g, respectively, in EtOH extract from sorghum.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.236-240
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• 2016

Weeding measures is an important issue for cereal crop because weed is superior to crops in early growth stage and there are not many herbicides applicable to cereal crop. Since the concern about well-being and eco-environmental products are increasing, cultivation with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is needed. Five treatments included as weed-free, control (not remove weed) and covering with polyvinyl chloride removed 20, 30, 40 DAS (day after seeding). At removing PVC, plant height did not differ depending on the growth stage. However, weed-free plot by weed competition were somewhat short. And, removing PVC accelerated the earlier by 2-3 day than weed-free plot. Soil moisture which removed from the control was higher than 20, 30, 40 DAS and weed-free, and it was kept low by evaporation. The chlorophyll meter of weed-free plot was 34.3, 30 DAS was 40.6 at heading time. Weed-free showed that increased in weed population $300.8g\;m^{-2}$. Weed control value of 20 DAS, 30 DAS, 40 DAS were 86.5%, 84.0% and 74.8%, respectively. In 30 DAS, yield of foxtail millet according to treatment of removing PVC were $355kg\;10a^{-1}$. At weed competition early in 30 DAS, the removing PVC was good for control. Thus, 30 DAS was judged to be suitable.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2004

In order to improve foxtail millet wine, a traditional Jeju cereal wine, fermentation characteristics of millet Yakju with different types of Nuruks prepared using isolated Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp. were investigated. When the millet wine was brewed with the Nuruk prepared in this study, the combination ratio of wheat flour: barley : wheat bran : millet = 8 : 1 : 1 : 0 (pellet) showed the highest level of alcohol concentration, and a more favorable score than Kuksundang Nuruk in sensory evaluation. The main organic acids in millet wine were lactic and acetic acids, and the minor organic acids were fumaric, oxalic, citric and malic acids. Analysis of sugar compositions showed that glucose, arabinose, and maltose were present in decreasing order, and that xylose was also detected. Flavor components of millet wine were mainly iso-amyl, iso-butyl and n-propyl alcohols. Ethylacetate and acetadehyde were also detected. The contents of iso-butyl and n-propyl alcohols were higher in the millet wine prepared with Kuksundang Nuruk than those prepared with other Nuruks.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2017

We inspected contaminations of pesticides in the 3,313 crop samples grown under the standard of Korean Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) between 2014 to 2016 May. According to our inspection, violations by unregistered pesticide contaminations far outweighed those by exceeding maximum residue limits. Most of the crops contaminated with unregistered pesticides were minor vegetable crops, for which far less pesticide products are registered compared to cereal grains and fruits. And in our second study, the pesticide in the sprayer was removed 90% or more, but not totally by serial rinses. From this result, it is assumed that pesticide remained in the rinsed sprayer can be carried over to crops unintentionally. Our study shows that supplying pesticide products evenly to all kinds of crops and allowing unintentional carry-over of unregistered pesticides to a certain extent are solutions to revitalize depressed Korean Good Agricultural Practices.