• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.57-62
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the single-dose intravenous toxicity of Guseonwangdo-go glucose 5% pharmacopuncture (GWG5). Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of five males and five females per group: an intravenous (IV) injection of 1.0 mL of normal saline solution per animal was administered to the control group; IV injections of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mL of GWG5 per animal were administered to the experimental groups (G: 0.1, G: 0.5, and G: 1.0). Observation of clinical signs and body weight measurements were carried out for 14 days following the injections. At the end of the observation period, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological tests, as well as necropsy examinations, were performed on the injected parts. Results: No mortalities or adverse clinical signs were observed in any of the groups. The body weights of all groups continuously increased. In the hematological and the biochemical tests, females in G-0.1 had minimal changes, but those changes were not dose dependent. On necropsy examination, no abnormalities were observed. In the histopathological test, focal inflammatory cell infiltrations were observed in two female rats, one in the control group and one in G-1.0. Also, one female rat in the control group had an epidermis crust. These changes were concluded to have been caused by the insertion of the needle into a vein. Conclusion: The above findings suggest that the lethal dose of GWG5 administered via IV injection is more than 1.0 mL per animal in both male and female rats. Further studies are needed to establish more detailed evidence of its toxicity.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.499-506
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• 1995

A new numerical method estimated three dimensional shape of the internal surface of the stomach by analyzing the shading data of endoscopic image. First analyzed was the inherent instrumentational characteristics of the endoscope system, followed by the analysis of the stomach surface properties, both of which affected the imaging properties. We employed these prior informations to implement the iterative algorithm of shading analysis based on Hom's variational approach. The present algorithm was validated by performing simulation on a $256{\times}320$ image data chosen from original $512{\times}512$ image of the stomach surface model. The best 3-dimensional estimation of the surface was achieved with the Lagrangian multiplier, of 0.3, when the algorithm best converged showing minimal estimation error.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.sup2
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• pp.355-362
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• 2008

Purpose: The carrier for the delivery of bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs) should also serve as a scaffold for new bone growth. In addition, predictable bone formation in terms of the volume and shape should be guaranteed. This study evaluated the ectopic bone formation of recombinant human BMP-2(rhBMP-2) using a micro macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate (MBCP: mixture of ${\beta}TCP$ and HA) block as a carrier in a rat subcutaneous assay model. Materials and Methods: Subcutaneous pockets were created on the back of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In the pockets, rhBMP-2/MBCP and MBCP alone were implanted. The blocks were evaluated by histological and histometric parameters after a healing interval of 2 weeks (each 10 rats; MBCP and rhBMP-2/MBCP) or 8 weeks (each 10 rats; MBCP and rhBMP-2/MBCP). Results: The shape and volume of the block was maintained stable over the healing period. No histological bone forming activity was observed in the MBCP alone sites after 2 weeks and there was minimal new bone formation at 8 weeks. In the rhBMP-2/MBCP sites, new bone formation was evident in the macropores of the block. The new bone area at 8 weeks was greater than at 2 weeks. There was a further increase in the quantity of new bone with the more advanced stage of remodeling. Conclusions: A MBCP block could serve as a carrier system for predictable bone tissue engineering using rhBMPs.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.102-111
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• 1996

LB10522 is a new parenteral broad spectrum cephalosporin with a catechol moiety at C-7 position of beta-lactam ring. This compound can utilize tonB-dependent iron transp ort system in addition to porin proteins to enter bacterial periplasmic space and access to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) which are the lethal targets of ${\beta}$-lactam antibiotics. The chelating activity of LB10522 to metal iron was measured by spectrophotometrically scanning the absorbance from 200 to 900nm. When $FeCl_3$ was added, optical density was increased between 450 and 800nm. LB10522 was more active against gram-negative strains in iron-depleted media than in iron-replete media. This is due to the increased expression of iron transport channels in iron-depleted condition. LB10522 showed a similar activity against E. coli DC2 (permeability mutant) and E. coli DCO (wild type strain) in both iron-depleted and iron-replete media, indicating a minimal permeaility barrier for LB10522 uptake. LB10522 had high affinities to PBP 3 and PBP 1A, 1B of E. coli. By blocking these proteins, LB10522 caused inhibition of cell division and the eventual death of cells. This result was correlated well with the morphological changes in E. coli exposed to LB10522. Although the in vitro MIC of LB10522 against P. aeruginosa 1912E mutant (tonB) was 8-times higher than that of the P. aeruginosa 1912E parent strain, LB10522 showed a similar in vivo protection efficacy against both strains in the mouse systemic infection model. This result suggested that tonB mutant, which requires a high level of iron for normal growth, might have a difficulty in surviving in their host with an iron-limited environment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 1997

In order to design a novel synthetic peptide with improved fungicidal activity but low hemolytic activity, a hybrid peptide, cecropin A(l-8)-magainin 2(1-12), and its analogue peptides were synthesized by the solid phase method. Antifungal and hemolytic activities of the synthetic peptides were assessed by the growth inhibition against Trichosporon beigelii and the cell membrane lysis against human red hlood cells, respectively. Analogue 2 in which Lys at position 12 in cecropin A(1-8)-magainin 2(1-12) was substituted with Ala showed most potent antifungal activity (MIC: 2.5.$\mu$g/ml) with minimal hemolytic activity (0.5% hemolysis at the (200.$\mu$g/ml peptide). This peptide (A2), therefore, could be useful as a model for further designing potent antifungal peptides without cytotoxicity.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.30.1-30.12
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• 2018

Objectives: To evaluate sealing ability of root canals obturated with bioceramic-impregnated gutta percha cone (BCC) or gutta percha (GP), with bioceramic sealer (BCS) or AH Plus (AH; Dentsply-Maillefer), in roundly-prepared canals using matched single-cone technique, based on bacterial leakage test, and to analyze obturation quality using micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis. Materials and Methods: Ninety-two distobuccal roots of maxillary molars were prepared using nickel-titanium files to apical size 40/0.06. The roots were divided into 4 groups (n = 20) that were obturated with a master cone and sealer: GP/AH, BCC/AH, GP/BCS, and BCC/BCS. Bacterial leakage model using Enterococcus faecalis was used to evaluate sealing ability for 60-day period. Obturated samples from each group (n = 4) were analyzed using micro-CT. Results: All groups showed bacterial leakage at 20%-45% of samples with mean leakage times of 42-52 days. There were no significant differences in bacterial leakage among the groups. Micro-CT showed minimal gaps and voids in all groups at less than 1%. Conclusions: In roundly-prepared canals, the single cone obturation with BCC/BCS was comparable to GP/AH for bacterial leakage at 60 days.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2002

A simulation tool for an optimal ATIS design and drivers' dynamic route choice behavior analysis is developed, which is applicable to urban networks. Due to the difficulty to make drivers feel the time pressure according to traffic conditions, current SP questionnaire survey type surveys have a limitation to capture correct driver reactions to real-time traffic Information provision. The simulator Is a web-based upgraded version, named WATiSim (Web-based ATIS Simulator), to quickly perform a wide population survey with a minimal cost using INTERNET Furthermore, the time pressure issue is lessened by its interface and simulation modules. After WATiSim mimicked a VMS based ATIS in a partial network of Seoul Metropolitan, reactions of drivers to various traffic conditions were surveyed through INTERNET and analyzed using a logit model. Drivers under the ATIS environment clearly understood the provided traffic information, and their reactions were closely related to traffic conditions, scheduled delay, trip purposes as well as toll charge if any.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.73-78
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• 2018

In this paper, we consider a system where multiple sources are encrypted in separated nodes and sent through their respective public communication channels into a joint sink node. We are interested at the problem on protecting the security of an already existing system such above, which is found out to have correlated encryption keys. In particular, we focus on finding a solution without introducing additional secret keys and with minimal modification to minimize the cost and the risk of bringing down an already running system. We propose a solution under a security model where an eavesdropper obtains all ciphertexts, i.e., encrypted sources, by accessing available public communication channels. Our main technique is to use encoders of universal function to encode the ciphertexts before sending them to public communication channels.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.66-79
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• 2014

Purpose: To analyze the amount and pattern of tooth movement and the changes in arch dimension of mandibular dentition after orthodontic treatment using a new three-dimensional (3D)-indirect superimposition method. Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of fifteen adult patients with class I bialveolar protrusion and minimal anterior crowding, treated by extraction of four first premolars with conventional sliding mechanics. After superimposition of 3D-virtual maxillary models before and after treatment using best-fit method, 3D-virtual mandibular model at each stage was placed into a common coordinate of superimposition using 3D-bite information, which resulted in 3D-indirect superimposition for mandibular dentition. The changes in mandibular dental and arch dimensional variables were measured with Rapidform 2006 (INUS Technology). Paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. Result: The anterior teeth moved backward, displaced laterally, and inclined lingually. The posterior teeth showed statistically significant contraction toward midsagittal plane. The amounts of backward movement of anterior teeth and forward movement of posterior teeth showed a ratio of 6 : 1. Although the inter-canine width increased slightly (0.8 mm, P<0.05), the inter-second premolar, inter-first molar, and inter-second molar widths decreased significantly with similar amounts (2.2 mm, P<0.05; 2.3 mm, P<0.01; 2.3 mm, P<0.001). The molar depth decreased (6.7 mm, P<0.001) but canine depth did not change. Conclusion: A new 3D-indirect superimposition of the mandibular dentitions using best-fit method and 3D-bite information can present a guideline for virtual treatment planning in terms of tooth position and arch dimension.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.135-150
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• 2013

This study proposes a novel option strategy by using characteristic of volatility reversion and rough set algorithm in options market. Until now, various research has been conducted on stock and future markets, but minimal research has been done in options market. Particularly, research on the option trading strategy using high frequency data is limited. This study consists of two purposes. The first is to enjoy a profit using volatility reversion model when volatility gap is occurred. The second is to pursue a more stable profit by filtering inaccurate entry point through rough set algorithm. Since options market is affected by various elements like underlying assets, volatility and interest rate, the point of this study is to hedge elements except volatility and enjoy the profit following the volatility gap.