• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.778-790
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• 2021

The Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha in Bijung-ri are state-designated heritage (treasure) statues having the Buddha style of the Goryeo dynasty from the 6th century. Conservation scientific investigations were conducted to understand the preservation status of these stone Buddha statues and to establish a conservation plan. The Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha are composed of fine-medium grained biotite granite, which is considered to be of the same origin owing to their low magnetic susceptibility distribution of less than 0.2 (×10^-3 SI unit) and similar mineral characteristics. The Stone Seated Buddha Triad has highly homogenous mineral composition and particle size, whole-rock magnetic susceptibility, and geochemical characteristics very similar to those of the nearby outcrop. It was confirmed that a combination of physical, chemical, and biological factors affects the Stone Buddha statues. In particular, both the Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha tend to be chipped off from the front and cracked and scaled from the back. The Stone Standing Buddha located outdoors experiences granularity decomposition and black algae formation, which accelerate the weathering under unfavorable conservation environments. The result of non-destructive physical property diagnosis using ultrasonic velocity showed that both the Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha have been completely weathered (CW), indicating very poor physical properties.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.233-252
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• 2015

This research are systematic and scientific approaches to obtain the distribution, occurrence and quality of granite stone for building purposes. The process of dimension stone exploration must be carried out to know the underground potentiality of granitic body using the basic data collection and study, field mapping, detailed drilling survey, televiewer technique, and physical and chemical tests in the Geochang area. Televiewer data obtained in drilling boreholes can be accurately distinguished from the discontinuous face, strike and inclination, extension which is difficult to obtain in a core logging. 3D joint images will be helpful to establish a quarry exploitation plan because the 3D joint images give quite accurate information down to depth below the outcrop surface. Through the process of the quality estimation on the Geochang site, the proven reserve estimated as dimensional building stone are calculated with good quality in petrologic and physical properties.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.2 s.52
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• pp.279-287
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• 2007

An ore of stone obtained from quarry lose its about 60% such as the muck and the stone-dust during the process of making the architectural block, the crushed aggregate and so on. A part of the muck is only reutilized for the crushed aggregate as road pavement materials, while the most of the muck in the shape of powder is mixed with water and then it is deposited in a sludge tank. The muck in the shape of powder is called the stone-dust. If the stone-dust is discharged and sprayed, an ecosystem will have terrible damage because the seepage of surface water, the flow of ground water and the movement of air are not occurred smoothly by packing the void of soils. As the Waste Management Law (2003) in Korea, the stone-dust is sorted out the industrial waste and the most of that is dumped in ground. Therefore, the establishments of an efficient recycling plan are necessary through the improvement of engineering properties of the stone-dust. To investigate the possibility of recycle and improvement for the stone-dust, the stone-dust and natural soils are sampled from six quarries in Korea. The various soil tests are performed by use of the mixed soils with the stone-dust content ratio. As the result of various soil tests, the recycle possibility of the stone-dust is analyzed as subbase layer materials of the roads.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.123-126
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• 2011

The results of the inspection of the vase condition for April 29th, 2008 have stated the mineral-petrographic characteristic of the material, the character of the stone mechanical defects; its impurity and biological faults have been described; the results of ultrasonic sounding of the stone have been shown. Possible reasons and process of destruction of the stone vase have been analysed on January, 6 to 12th, 2008. Recommendations on restoration and preservation of the vase have been given.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2017

Rock properties and the effects of chemicals that were used for conservation were studied for effective conservation treatment of Seated Buddha rock carving, which is composed of grayish white tuff, at Golguram Hermitage, Gyeongju. The rocks contain 3-5% montmorillonite, a swelling mineral and reacting with water, the d spacing of swelling minerals was increased (1.54-2.69%). On the one hand, the physical properties of the rock samples, such as surface hardness, water absorption rate, and porosity improved after the application of ethyl silicate-based stone strengthener. On the other, the interlayer of swelling minerals decreased and greater the of swelling mineral content, the greater is the extent of swelling (4.23-12.12%). When the ethyl silicate-based stone strengthener was applied after pretreatment with a swelling inhibitor, the physical properties were similar to those of the stone strengthener alone. There was no interlayer spacing change of swelling minerals due to swelling inhibition treatment; however, when the stone strengthener was applied after the swelling inhibitor, interlayer changes were similar to those when only the stone strengthener was treated (4.10-11.85%). Though the peak intensity of swelling minerals in X-ray diffraction pattern decreased, the effect of the swelling inhibitor was almost negligible. Therefore, it is not appropriate to use ethyl silicate-based stone strengthener for Golgulam rock containing swelling minerals and supplementing them with a swelling inhibition system is not effective. Because weathering rapidly progresses when swelling minerals contact moisture, for now, measures to prevent water contact, such as expansion of the canopy, are needed in the lower and side parts of the carving.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.425-434
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• 2007

In this paper, the stability standards of slopes reclaimed by soils mixed with stone dust were proposed to manage the stone dust as recovery soils. First of all, the mixed ratio between stone dust and natural soil is classified into 5 groups, and a series of soil test was performed in each group. As the results of tests, the shear strength and the maximum dry unit weight were increased in decrease of the mixed ratio of stone dust. On the basis of the investigation to the safety factor standards of embankment slopes in and outside the country, a slope stability rank of slopes reclaimed by mixed soils were divided into 3 stages such as unstable stage, attention stage and stable stage. The slope angle, the slope height and the mixed ratio with stone dust were proposed by the result of stability analysis of slopes reclaimed by mixed soils. As the result of slope stability analysis, the slope angle of 1 : 1.8 at the reclaimed slope should be constructed in case of the slope height of 10 m. Also, the slope angle of 1 : 1.8 and the mixed ratio of stone dust less than 50% should be constructed in case of the slope height of 15 m. The analysis result of reclaimed slope constructed inside the quarry is similar to that of reclaimed slope constructed on the open ground in same conditions of the slope angle, the slope height and the mixed ratio with stone dust. The proposed stability standards of slopes reclaimed by soils mixed with stone dust can be used practically at the quarrying site.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.3 s.45
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• pp.154-166
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• 2006

Though there are more than 600 active and non-active dimension stone quarries in Korea, most quarries are small-scaled and non-active. Main dimension stone belt in Korea is distributed in the Wonju-jecheon-Mungyeong-Geochang-Jinan-Nanwon-Geogumdo area with NNE direction, which occupies about 50% of domestic dimension stone quarries. The other dimension stone belts occur in the Gangyeong-Iksan-Gimje area, the Pocheon-Ujeongbu area and the Boryeong area. The dimension stones in Korea have been produced from at least fifteen rock types: granite, diorite, syenite, gabbro, homblendite, basalt andesite, rhyolite, tuff felsite, sandstone, marble, gneiss, schist and slate. However, seven or eight rock types such as granite, diorite and marble are currently produced. The dimension stones are quarried out 87% from plutonic rocks (mainly granite and diorite), 6% from sedimentary rocks (mainly sandstone), and 3% from metamorphic rocks (mainly marble). Main rock types of the dimension stones are variable with respect to their production locality. In the Jeollanam-do area, most dimension stones are produced from diorite. Marble is mainly produced from the Gangwon-do and Chungcheongbuk-do areas. Black sandstone is exclusively quarried out from the Chungcheongnam-do area. Granite is most abundant dimension stone in Korea. Above 50% of the domestic dimension stones are medium-grained to coarse-grained granitic rocks, but fine-grained granite dimension stones have 10% of distribution. The color of the dimension stone varies with rock types. Most granite dimension stones have dominant colors of whitish gray and gray, which are produced from the Wonju, Gapyeong, Iksan, Namwon and Geochang areas. Pink-colored granites are rarely produced from the Mungyeong area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.173-174
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• 2015

This research takes granite stone based floor finishing exposed to concentrated downpouring and observes the material's physical changes, adhesiveness, compressive strength under wet conditions. The results of the experiments shows that elution of sulfide mineral can occur when granite stones are exposed to downpour, but short term exposure shows little physical changes to the material. This indicates that if post maintenance is properly enacted, long term usage of granite stone materials is also possible.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1548-1551
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• 2004

studied on the physicochemistrical property of the clean active water depositting on the ceramic stone by the mineral-Oriental medicine. The results are as follows. The cluster of the clean active water is observed 53-66.5㎐ for contral water. The clean active water is observed 7.2 ph and 1.3330 refractive index for contral water. In the chemical experimental test by ICP, the clean active water is observed 102℃ in boiling point and 4.8㎎/100g V.E for 0㎎g/100g of contral water. In the antibiotic experimentation, an anion, the dimintion index of bacilli, radiation degree and radiate energy of the clean active water increased for contral water. And in the deodorization experimentation, the clean active water is observed 95% deodorization index.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 1992

맥반석을 벼에 시용하였을 때 벼의 초장 및 분벽경수 는 증가하였고 건물율 및 근발생율도 증가 하였다. 맥반석을 시용함으로서 벼의 초장이 6~9cm정도 단간화되었으며 총분벽경수 및 유효분벽경수도 현저하게 증가하였다. 벼의 정조중에 있어서는 맥반석 100kg시용구에서 무처리구보다 19.9%가 더 증수되었고 500kg 시용구에서는 15.5%가 증수되어 시용량에 관계없이 맥반석은 벼의 수량증가에 효과적이었다.