• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.5
• /
• pp.872-877
• /
• 2011

Cultivation of Korea ginseng in newly reclaimed and paddy-converted fields has been increasing, and evaluation of organic amendment effectiveness is needed in the two soil types. Soil organisms influence organic matter decomposition, and their responses to applications of organic matter were studied. De-oiled cake and compost were applied at $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and $40Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in both soil types. Changes in microflora were assessed by analyzing phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA). The abundance of nematodes and microarthropods was measured. Microbial PLFA indicators for microorganisms and microarthropod abundance were greater in reclaimed upland than in paddy-converted soil. There were few differences in the microflora and fauna of reclaimed uplands, regardless of treatment. In paddy-converted soil, the abundance of Oribatida was increased by the application of compost at $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and was correlated with PLFA indicators of fungi. The results suggested a minimal influence of organic amendments in reclaimed upland, because the organic matter content and abundance of soil organisms are low in mineral soils. In paddy-converted soil, the effects of organic amendment differ among different soil organisms, and soil properties are important mediators of the effect.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.1300-1305
• /
• 2011

The study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of flower quality and yield of gerbera 'Sunny Lemon' by mutrient solution strength and media of nutrient solution. The plant growth of 'Sunny Lemon' showed the highest values in the media of rockwool and perlite 1: peatmoss 2. Especially the yield of cut flowers for a year was more than 60 flowers and the flower longevity was over 10 days irrespective of nutrient solution concentration in the two media. There were no significant differences of plant characteristics in the nutrient concentration of 1/2 and 1 times, and the mineral nutrient contents showed similar values. Therefore, we recommended the media of perlite1: peatmoss2 with the concentration of 1/2 times for economical use. The rockwool media was not appropriate because of the weak buffer capacity like EC and pH.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.837-843
• /
• 2010

This research investigated classification of clay activity degree by different clay mineral components. Based on compositions of different clay and oxide minerals within 390 soil series in Korea, 7 soils were selected to analyze for CEC and specific surface area of clay minerals. As a result, soils were mainly composed with Chlorite originated from sandstone, Smectite originated from Andesite porphyry and combination of Allophane and Ferrihydrite originated from volcanic ash, if the ratio of CEC value to clay content (degree of clay activity) was greater than 0.7. If the degree of clay activity was ranged between 0.3 and 0.7, soils were composed mainly with Kaolin originated from anorthite. Soils with this ratio also was composted with combinations of Kaolin, Illite and Vermiculite originated with river deposits. When the degree of the activity was less than 0.3, soils were commonly red-yellowish color and composed with two different minerals. One type of composition was Kaolin originated from granite and granite gneiss and the soils contained Geothite and Hematite. The other type was composited mainly with Illite and Vermiculite minerals originated from granite. These soils contained Gibbsite, Geothite and Hematite. The degree of clay activity was highly related with CEC and specific surface area. The greater degree of the activity displayed greater values of clay CEC and specific surface area. It is not easy to measure actual quantity and compositions of clay minerals, while the degree of clay activity can be measured from routine soil analyses. As a conclusion, the degree of clay activity may be not just a simple but also powerful tool to estimate physical-chemical properties of soils and to evaluate the soil classification in Korean soils.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.99-111
• /
• 1973

Percentage recovery or fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice plant(Oriza sativa L.) were investigated at 8, 10, 12, 14 kg/10a of N, 6 kg of $P_2O_5$ and 8 kg of $K_2O$ application level in 1967 (51 places) and 1968 (32 places). Two types of nutrient contribution for the yield, that is, P type in which phosphorus firstly increases silicate uptake and secondly silicate increases nitrogen uptake, and K type in which potassium firstly increases P uptake and secondly P increases nitrogen uptake were postulated according to the following results from the correlation analyses (linear) between percentage recovery of fertilizer nutrient and grain or dry matter yields and nutrient uptake. 1. Percentage frequency of minus or zero recovery occurrence was 4% in nitrogen, 48% in phosphorus and 38% in potassium. The frequency distribution of percentage recovery appeared as a normal distribution curve with maximum at 30 to 40 recovery class in nitrogen, but appeared as a show distribution with maximum at below zero class in phosphorus and potassium. 2. Percentage recovery (including only above zero) was 33 in N (above 10kg/10a), 27 in P, 40 in K in 1967 and 40 in N, 20 in P, 46 in Kin 1968. Mean percentage recovery of two years including zero for zero or below zero was 33 in N, 13 in P and 27 in K. 3. Standard deviation of percentage recovery was greater than percentage recovery in P and K and annual variation of CV (coefficient of variation) was greatest in P. 4. The frequency of significant correlation between percentage recovery and grain or dry matter yield was highest in N and lowest in P. Percentage recovery of nitrogen at 10 kg level has significant correlation only with percentage recovery of P in 1967 and only with that of potassium in 1968. 5. The correlation between percentage recovery and dry matter yield of all treatments showed only significant in P in 1967, and only significant in K in 1968, Negative correlation coefficients between percentage recovery and grain or dry matter yield of no or minus fertilizer plots were shown only in K in 1967 and only in P in 1968 indicating that phosphorus fertilizer gave a distinct positive role in 1967 but somewhat' negative role in 1968 while potassium fertilizer worked positively in 1968 but somewhat negatively in 1967. 6. The correlation between percentage recovery of nutrient and grain yield showed similar tendency as with dry matter yield but lower coefficients. Thus the role of nutrients was more precisely expressed through dry matter yield. 7. Percentage recovery of N very frequently had significant correlation with nitrogen uptake of nitrogen applied plot, and significant negative correlation with nitrogen uptake of minus nitrogen plot, and less frequently had significant correlation with P, K and Si uptake of nitrogen applied plot. 8. Percentage recovery of P had significant correlation with Si uptake of all treatments and with N uptake of all treatments except minus phosphorus plot in 1967 indicating that phosphorus application firstly increases Si uptake and secondly silicate increases nitrogen uptake. Percentage recovery of P also frequently had significant correlation with P or K uptake of nitrogen applied plot. 9. Percentage recovery of K had significant correlation with P uptake of all treatments, N uptake of all treatments except minus phosphorus plot, and significant negative correlation with K uptake of minus K plot and with Si uptake of no fertilizer plot or the highest N applied plot in 1968, and negative correlation coefficient with P uptake of no fertilizer or minus nutrient plot in 1967. Percentage recovery of K had higher correlation coefficients with dry matter yield or grain yield than with K uptake. The above facts suggest that K application firstly increases P uptake and secondly phosphorus increases nitrogen uptake for dry matter yied. 10. Percentage recovery of N had significant higher correlation coefficient with grain yield or dry matter yield of minus K plot than with those of minus phosphorus plot, and had higher with those of fertilizer plot than with those of minus K plot. Similar tendency was observed between N uptake and percentage recovery of N among the above treatments. Percentage recovery of K had negative correlation coefficient with grain or-dry matter yield of no fertilizer plot or minus nutrient plot. These facts reveal that phosphorus increases nitrogen uptake and when phosphorus or nitrogen is insufficient potassium competatively inhibits nitrogen uptake. 11. Percentage recovery of N, Pand K had significant negative correlation with relative dry matter yield of minus phosphorus plot (yield of minus plot x 100/yield of complete plot; in 1967 and with relative grain yield of minus K plot in 1968. These results suggest that phosphorus affects tillering or vegetative phase more while potassium affects grain formation or Reproductive phase more, and that clearly show the annual difference of P and K fertilizer effect according to the weather. 12. The correlation between percentage recovery of fertilizer and the relative yield of minus nutrient plat or that of no fertilizer plot to that of minus nutrient plot indicated that nitrogen is the most effective factor for the production even in the minus P or K plot. 13. From the above facts it could be concluded that about 40 to 50 percen of paddy fields do rot require P or K fertilizer and even in the case of need the application amount should be greatly different according to field and weather of the year, especially in phosphorus.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.99-108
• /
• 1998

Results obtained from this research showed that the anaerobic contact process was applicable to pear waste with COD removal efficiencies of up to $95\%$ depending on conditions, provided ammonium and phosphate salts were added as well as other nutrients, present in the commercial fertilizer, Milorganite or in yeast extract. These latter materials were required in minimum concentrations of 5 and 1.5 g/L, respectively, in the feed independent of HRT and volatile solids loading rate, with part of the effect due to the mineral fraction. Digestion was satisfactory over the whole range of volatile solids loading rates and liquid retention time of 30 to 0.5 days tested, although treatment efficiency dropped off noticeably between 1 and 0.5 day liquid retention time because of poorer flocculation and separation of anaerobic bacteria. Settling of anaerobic bacteria including methane producing bacteria was related to settling of mixed liquor suspended solids only at 1 to 5 days liquid retention times, at other liquid retention times anaerobic microorganism settled markedly less efficiently than mixed liquor suspended solids. Further studies are being made to provide information of practical and basic interest. Data on the composition of the active fraction of yeast extract might solve many practical nutrient problems encountered with the anaerobic contact process and improve its economics. Further improvement in the flocculation and settling of anaerobic bacteria as well as other bacteria would improve overall performance and allow the use of shorter liquid retention times with dilute waste. Knowledge about the numbers of methane formers present would allow a degree of understanding and control of the process not presently attainable.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.92-101
• /
• 2012

Korea shows the soil pH is 5.8 ~ 6.2 by many factors including the geological structure and climate condition. There is known as the cause for soil acidification by weathering of the mineral, excessive use of the chemical fertilizer, and extensively diffused acid rain. The purpose of research is environmentally-friendly material neutralization technology development utilizing the waste resources against by acid soil. The experiment analyze the physico-chemical property of the acid soil and waste resource materials (waste lime, oyster shell, bottom ash). The Batch-Test was performed under 3 stage. As a result, the acid soil showed up acid soil about 3.19. And waste lime, oyster, bottom ash showed the alkalinity with 9.62, 10.08, 9.17. In case of 1 batch-test experimental result, waste lime and oyster shell, the alkalinity was shown over 7.5 and the good efficiency was showed, on the other hands, the bottom ash showed the pH 4 the neutralization efficiency which is low. waste resource materials to be applied to 2 steps was chosen as the waste lime except the bottom ash and oyster. In 2 step batch-test experiment, it was exposed to be the most appropriate in case of doing the combination ratio of the waste lime and oyster shell with 9 : 1. It was exposed to be efficient most in the effeciency and aspect of economical efficiency combination ratio of the soil and materials was 9.6 : 0.6 with 3 step batch-test experimental result.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.251-258
• /
• 1998

To find out the effect of NPK-fertilization level and utilization method of pasture plants on the productivity of dry matter and nutrient of forages in hilly pasture, this experiment was arranged as a split block design with six treatments of 2 mainplots(N-$P_2O_5$-$K_2O$=210-150-180(wntrol), 280-200-240Kg/ha) and 3 subplots (cutting, grazing cutting+grazing alternative), and conducted at hilly land in Yeoju, Kyonggi Province 6om February, 1992 to October, 1993. In the treatment of grazing the early growth and cover degree of pasture plants wintered were more favorable. With increased NPK-application for two years, the average dry matter(DM) yield of 9,862kglha was incerased by 18% than that of the control, and the average DM yield of the cutting treatment of 10,434kaa was higher than that of others. In all treatments for two years, the average DM yield was composed of 94.0~95.1% grasses, 1.8~2.0% legumes and 2.8~4.2% weeds. The crude protein and energy productivity of forages in the treatment with increased NPK-fertilizer application increased by 20~23% than those of control, and those of cutting treatment were greatly increased than those of the grazing treatment. The average mineral content of forages in all treatments tended to be similar, Ca and Mg content and Ca/P ratio were slightly lower, and K content and K/(Ca+Mg) equivalent ratio of forages tended to be higher than the most desirable value of forages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.416-420
• /
• 2002

Various products of karanj (Pongamia glabra) are utilized for industrial, health and animal agriculture applications in the Indian subcontinent. Despite a rich source of protein (CP, 28-34%), karanj cake was found to be slightly bitter in taste and toxic owing to the presence of flavonoid (Karanjin), restricting its safe inclusion in the livestock diets. Feeding trials with raw cake revealed its poor palatability and adverse performance among different categories of livestock including poultry. The present study was, therefore, aimed to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods like solvent extraction, water washing, pressure cooking and alkali and acid treatments. The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The raw expeller karanj cake was found to contain about 0.19% of karanjin. Though a non-polar solvent, soxhlet extraction of expeller pressed cake with petroleum ether drastically reduced karanjin content (0.01%). Soaking of cake for 24 h in 1% NaOH (w/w) solution was found to reduce karanjin to a major extent with little further benefit by increasing alkali level. Milder alkalies like lime and fertilizer grade urea reduced the karanjin levels marginally. Similar was the case with mineral acids such as HCl and glacial acetic acid. It was, therefore, concluded that solvent extraction of karanj seeds would be the best method of detoxification as well as for more recovery of oil and karanjin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2017.06a
• /
• pp.137-137
• /
• 2017

Rice has important role as a primary food resource in especially the Asia, Korea, China, India, Indonesia and Japan. After development and increasingly using artificial chemical fertilizer, rice is getting high quality and quantity to satisfy ever-increasing people. On the other hand, the earth environment is more polluted each day. Nowadays consumers are looking for the organic crops or foods that were grown with eco-friendly method and in pure farmland. With the immergence of this trend, it is time to development environmentally-friendly agriculture. One of the methods is growing green manure crops in winter or spring on the fields. For this reasons, growing rye and Italian ryegrass are useful to use green manure to enhance rice production without chemical fertilizers and make the property of the soil eco-friendly. To know how improve the quality and quantity of rice with green manures, rye and Italian ryegrass, first the characteristics of green manure corps were measured. Dry matter yields of the rye and Italian ryegrass were 2.21 and $1.81t\;Ha^{-1}$. And the percentages of the dry matter were 28 and 32%. And, analyzed mineral components in rye and Italian ryegrass were nitrogen, organic matter, $P_2O_5$, CaO, $C_2O$ and MgO. Specially, the percentages of the organic matter and the CaO between rye and Italian ryegrass have difference appreciably. the height of the rice on the Italian ryegrass-fertilized field was the highest among the variant fields. The height of the rice on the non-fertilized field was the lowest. Yield of the Italian ryegrass-, rye- and non-fertilized rice are 805.2, 639.9 and $415.3kg\;10a^{-1}$. At the result, Italian ryegrass is the most effective green manure among the 3 treated-fertilized.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.129-135
• /
• 2002

Several kinds of thermophilic, aerobic microorganisms (Bacillus genus), metal leaching microorganisms (Thiobacillus, T. ferooxidans), and other nondegradable chemical-degrading microorganisms (Pseudomonas genus) were utilized to study the effect on composting livestock manure. Under the Carbon-Nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 35∼40 and water content of 50∼65% conditions, the composting in the cycling drum reactor showed slower composting and lower temperature increase than that of the manual reactor. Element analysis after composting indicated relatively high levels of mineral contents with the substitutional effect of chemical fertilizer. Metal analysis before and after composting showed lower As in all, Cr in pig, Pb in cow, Hg in chicken, and Cu in cow manure compost than the regulation values. Compost maturity was ascertained by the several maturity tests. Salmonella and E. cozi detection test by SS or EMB agar plate confirmed the safety from the pathogenic microorganisms. The results suggest that the inoculation of metal and some other chemical degrading microorganisms during composting might decrease metal contamination and increase composting rate.