• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

In this study, In order to evaluate reliable of MODIS GPP, the MODIS GPP and Flux tower measured GPP were compared to evaluate the use of method on 8 days composite MODIS GPP. The 2008 Flux data ($CO_2$ Flux and air temperature) measured in Seolmacheon watershed ($8.48\;km^2$) were used. The Flux tower GPP was estimated as the sum of $CO_2$ Flux and $R_{ec}$ (ecosystem respiration) by Lloyd and Taylor method (1994). The summer Monsoon period from June to August mostly contributed the underestimation of MODIS GPP by cloud contamination on MODIS pixels. The 2008 MODIS GPP and Flux tower GPP of the watershed were $1133.2\;g/m^2/year$ and $1464.3\;g/m^2/year$ respectively and the determination coefficient ($R^2$) after correction of cloud-originated errors was 0.74 (0.63 before correction). Even though effect of Cloud-Originated Errors was eliminated, Solar radiation and Temperature are affected at GPP. Measurement of correct GPP is difficult. But, If errors of MODIS GPP analyze on Cloud Moonsoon Climate in korea and eliminated effect of Cloud-Originated Errors, MODIS GPP will be considered GPP increasing of 9 %. There, Our results indicate that MODIS GPP show reliable and useful data except for summer period in Moonsoon Climate.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-83
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• 2011

The first medical text in which detailed treatments of diseases by combinations of materia medica are mentioned is the "Shanghanzabinglun(傷寒雜病論)". True meaning of the combinations of materia medica used in this text lies in the fact that the efficacy of a prescription transcends that of the linear sum of each materia medica. This kind of concept regarding the composition of a prescription has come to contribute to the formation of theories in prescriptionology; However, it is difficult to analyze and interpret the meaning of each prescription separately because of differences in interpreting methods, points of view, and terminologies used by members of different academical branches. Therefore, it is desirable that one should understand a prescription as having been modified from a basic prescription, and then bring the interactions of ingredients into the picture, finally understanding the efficacy and chief virtues of the targeted prescription. Nevertheless, with the massive information of prescriptions, which exist in the format of texts, it is impossible to efficiently take advantage of prescription analyzing methods, and therefore the range of analysis extremely restricted. In order to overcomes these weaknesses, this paper suggests that object-oriented prescription database be constructed and that a search program for education and research that could facilitate an efficient access to the database be developed as well.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of shoes with curved out-sole on the pressure, reaction force(sum of pressure) on foot and relations between the rolling speeds and pronation of foot. The foot pressure, reaction force and pressure center on the foot surface of shoe were measured with NOVEL padar system, and 3 type shoes were used to compare the position and speed of pressure center and the foot reaction force, which were s(target) shoe with soft cushions in middle part of out-sole and curved out-sole, m shoes with two type- soft, hard, hardness out-sole and curved out-sole and n shoes with flat out-sole. The subjects were 13 female university students, had weared the 3 type shoes for 6 weeks on two-weeks shifts for adaptation before experiment and put on 3-type shoes repeatedly and randomly and walked on treadmill with 3.5km/h and 80 steps/min. The data were captured with 30Hz and readjusted with 5kgf threshold reaction force. The results can be summarized as follow. 1. There were no difference in maximum reaction force on initial contact period and total foot impact, but statistical difference in maximum reaction force on takeoff period : s, m, n in ascending order. 2. There were some difference in rolling speeds for support periods. At initial contact, the rolling speed of s shoes was fastest but at periods between first and second maximum reaction force, that of m shoes fastest. 3. There was a negative relation between rolling speeds and the length of lever arm on initial reaction force related to pronation. It seems shoes with various curved shapes and hardness could make effects on the rolling features and the rolling speed also have some relationships with walking efficiency, absortion of impact and pronation.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare different kinds of outdoor walking shoes in terms of muscle fatigue and ground reaction force on walking, and to provide foundational data for developing and choosing outdoor walking shoes that fit the users. Method: The study subjects were 30 healthy men. The experiment was conducted by using outdoor walking shoes with different inner and outer harnesses of the midsole, and shapes of the outsole. For data collection, electromyography was used to measure the muscle fatigue of the anterior tibial muscle and gastrocnemii, which contribute to the dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle joint, and the biceps muscle of the thigh and lateral great muscles, which contribute to the flexion and extension of the knee joint. A GRF measurement device was used to measure the X, Y, and Z axes. Results: In the type A outdoor walking shoes, regarding the hardness of the midsole, the inner part was soft, while the outer part was hard. The vertical ground reaction force was the lowest, which means least impact while walking and light load to the knees and ankles. The type C outdoor walking shoes were intended to provide a good feel in wearing the shoes. The tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemii indicate low fatigue, which means that during a long-distance walk, it will minimize the fatigue in the muscles of the lower limbs. Conclusion: To sum up the study results, the different types of outdoor walking shoes indicate their unique characteristics in the biomechanical comparison and analysis. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Thus, a systematic and constant follow-up research should be conducted to cope with expanding market for outdoor walking shoes. Lastly, this study is expected to present foundational data and directions for developing outdoor walking shoes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.948-956
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• 2000

There is growing evidence that soy isoflavone play beneficial roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as hormone dependent cancers, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and also reduced incidence of menopausal symptoms. However current data are not sufficient to determine the effective doses for beneficial as well as harmful effects and to support dietary recommendation for isoflavones. Since soy products containing isoflavone are one of the common food items that Koreans consume daily basis, assessing consumption of soy isoflavone by Koreans will give a valuable information on making dietary recommendations for isoflavones. the present study was designed to assess dietary intake of isoflavone of Korean middle-aged women who might receive the most beneficial effects from isoflavone consumption thereby prevent post menopausal related symptoms and diseases. In this study isoflavone contents of soy products were analyzed and soy products and isoflavone consumption of these subjects were assessed by a self-reported dietary questionnaire and isoflavone intake data base. Subjects were consisted of 178 Korean women (35~60 y) who live in urban and rural area. All subjects provided detailed information on demographics, anthropometry, health history, menopausal symptoms, health history, menopausal symptoms, and dietary intake using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) which was developed for Koreans. The average age of the subjects was 46.6 years. The soy products which the subjects frequently consumed were soybean paste soup, braised fried soybean, tofu residue stew, tofu, soy milk, natto stew, bean sprouts, and soybean broth which contained 10.68 mg, 3.34 mg, 2.44 mg, 2.42 mg, 2.42 mg, 1.12 mg, 1.02 mg, 0.33 mg of isoflavone per 100 g, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of isoflavones ranged from 0 to 144.3 mg, and the mean daily isoflavone (sum of daidzein and genisten) intake of the subjects was 24.41 mg.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.136-145
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• 2008

Occasionally an owner of public construction work pays financial costs in addition to progress payments. However, the overall scale of financial costs are not known. This research examines, based on a case study, the financial cost incurred in public construction works and the following issues: the overall scale of financial costs, the impact on financial costs on the owner, and the impact of timing on the overall sum of the financial costs. Annually, more than 2.3 trillion KRW are paid as progress payments for public construction work; yet, there is no research data showing the scale of financial costs thus incurred. The purpose of this research is to illustrate the scale of financial costs incurred due to progress payments for public construction works, and to suggest alternatives that would improve relevant regulations.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2013

Purpose: The study was done to define complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among primary brain tumor patients and factors influencing use. Methods: The study was conducted with convenience sampling in 5 neuro-oncology centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Data were collected using a 25-item questionnaire developed by the researchers. Results: Of 250 patients approached, 231 (92.4%) agreed to participate. Overall, 26.8% of the respondents used CAM and the average cost for CAM use was 300,000 KRW. More than 72% of CAM users did not disclose CAM use to their health care professionals. The most frequently used therapy was natural products including mushrooms. Logistic regression analysis revealed that an education level of university or higher (OR=2.92, 95% CI=1.56-5.44, p=.001), unemployment (OR=1.99, 95% CI=1.04-3.80, p=.037), and WHO grade III & IV tumors (OR=2.18, 95% CI=1.07-4.72, p=.048) were significant factors influencing CAM use. Conclusion: Three out of ten brain tumor patients spend substantial sum of money for CAM. In these situations, health care professionals should be aware of this phenomenon and provide adequate information and consultation to the patients.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.231-251
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• 2014

The present study examines the phosphate adsorption potential and behavior of mixture of Ground Burnt Patties (GBP), a solid waste generated from cooking fuel used in earthen stoves and Red Soil (RS), a natural substance in fixed bed column mode operation. The characterization of adsorbent was done by Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), and Proton Induced ${\gamma}$-ray Emission (PIGE) methods. The FTIR spectroscopy of spent adsorbent reveals the presence of absorbance peak at $1127cm^{-1}$ which appears due to P = O stretching, thus confirming phosphate adsorption. The effects of bed height (10, 15 and 20 cm), flow rate (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mL/min) and initial phosphate concentration (5 and 15 mg/L) on breakthrough curves were explored. Both the breakthrough and exhaustion time increased with increase in bed depth, decrease in flow rate and influent concentration. Thomas model, Yoon-Nelson model and Modified Dose Response model were used to fit the column adsorption data using nonlinear regression analysis while Bed Depth Service Time model followed linear regression analysis under different experimental condition to evaluate model parameters that are useful in scale up of the process. The values of correlation coefficient ($R^2$) and the Sum of Square Error (SSE) revealed the Modified Dose Response model as the best fitted model to the experimental data. The adsorbent mixture responded effectively to the desorption and reusability experiment. The results of this finding advocated that mixture of GBP and RS can be used as a low cost, highly efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from aqueous solution.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.141-150
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• 2021

In order to assess the impact of climate change on irrigation reservoirs, climate exposure (EI), sensitivity (SI), and potential impact (PI) were evaluated for 1,651 reservoirs nationwide. Climate exposure and sensitivity by each reservoir were calculated using data collected from 2011 to 2020 for seven proxy variables (e.g. annual rainfall) and six proxy variables (e.g. irrigation days), respectively. The potential impact was calculated as the weighted sum of climate exposure and sensitivity, and was classified into four levels: 'Low (PI<0.4)', 'Medium (PI<0.6)', 'High (PI<0.8)', and 'Critical (PI≥0.8)'. The result showed that both the climate exposure index and the sensitivity index were on average high in Daegu and Gyeongbuk with high temperature and low rainfall. About 79.8% of irrigation reservoirs in Daegu, Gyeongbuk, and Ulsan with high climate exposure and sensitivity resulted in a 'High' level of potential impact. On the contrary, 64.5% of the study reservoirs in Gyeongnam and Gangwon showed 'Low' in potential impact. In further studies, it is required to reorganize the proxy variables and the weights in accordance with practical alternatives for improving adaptive capacity to drought, and it is expected to contribute to establishing a framework for vulnerability assessment of an irrigation reservoir.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.327-340
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose a system predicting whether an electricity distribution system is abnormal by analyzing the temperature of the deteriorated system. Traditional electricity distribution system abnormality diagnosis was mainly limited to post-inspection. This research presents a remote monitoring system for detecting thermal images of the deteriorated electricity distribution system efficiently hereby providing safe and efficient abnormal diagnosis to electricians. Methods: In this study, an object detection algorithm (YOLOv5) is performed using 16,866 thermal images of electricity distribution systems provided by KEPCO(Korea Electric Power Corporation). Abnormality/Normality of the extracted system images from the algorithm are classified via the limit temperature. Each classification model, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, XGBOOST is performed to explore 463,053 temperature datasets. The process capability index is employed to indicate the quality of the electricity distribution system. Results: This research performs case study with transformers representing the electricity distribution systems. The case study shows the following states: accuracy 100%, precision 100%, recall 100%, F1-score 100%. Also the case study shows the process capability index of the transformers with the following states: steady state 99.47%, caution state 0.16%, and risk state 0.37%. Conclusion: The sum of caution and risk state is 0.53%, which is higher than the actual failure rate. Also most transformer abnormalities can be detected through this monitoring system.