• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate the effect of invasive low level laser acupuncture therapy(LLLAT) at Yolgyol+yogu(LU7+LR5) on weight gain, food intake, food efficiency, lipid metabolism and liver function in hyperlipemia rats. Methods : Experimental groups were divided into high fat diet cup(Control group), high fat diet and 15 mW/5 min LLLAT at LU7+LR5(15 mW/5 min group), 15 mW/10 min LLLAT at LU7+LR5(15 mW/10 min group), 30 mW/5 min LLLAT at LU7+LRS(30 mW/5 min group), 30 mW/10 min LLLAT at LU7+LR5(30 mW/10 min group). LLLAT was treated at the 15,30mW-5,10min once a 2day during 5 weeks. Results : Body weight was decreased significantly in 30 mW/s min group and 30 mW/10 min group compared with control group. Food intake was decreased significantly in 15 mW/5 min group and 15 mW/10 min group compared with control group. Food efficiency was decreased significantly in 30 mW/10 min group compared with control group. In the lipid metabolism, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and free fatty acid were increased significantly in 15 mW/5 min group and 30 mW/10 min group compared with control group. LDL-cholesterol was increased in 30 mW/10 min group and phospholipids was decreased significantly in all experimental group compared with control group. triglyceride was not showed significant result in all experimental group. In the liver function, AST was not showed significant result in all experimental group, ALT and ALP were increased significantly in 30 mW/10 min group, ALP was decreased in 30 mW/5 min group compared with control group. Conclusions : LLLAT at LU7 and LR5 can manage hyperlipemia by controlling body weight, food intake, food efficiency ratio and lipid metabolism.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.93-98
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the rate of change of air respirator consumption based on field fire fighting activities, The results of the experiment are as follows. The mean air consumption of the Five subjects was $15.56{\ell}/min$ when standing still, $32.43{\ell}/min$ when walking with normal pace, $43.07{\ell}/min$ when the fire hoses was expanded and arranged, $55.28{\ell}/min$ when climbing stairs, The situation of running up the stairs and hitting the hammer continuously increases to $127.14{\ell}/min$, which means that the consumption of air increases according to the energy consumption. Despite being the oldest, Experimental subject A was $13.23{\ell}/min$ when standing still, $29.33{\ell}/min$ when walking normally, and $41.08{\ell}/min$ when the fire hose was deployed and arranged. This is a result of familiarity with deep and slow breathing methods. The average respiratory use rate of subjects D was $63.58{\ell}/min$. The reason for this is that obesity seems to increase the air consumption, and it is considered that the physical strength is exhausted by the action of the hammer, which has a greater influence on the increase of air consumption. The subject E had significantly lower air respiratory use rate of $49.90{\ell}/min$. The reason for this is that the age of E is the youngest among the subjects, and it is presumed that it possesses strong physical strength.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2002

The authors examined the response of electrocardiogram(ECG) of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus [Linnaeus] to light stimuli. The experiments were performed in such a way that three levels of light stimuli(10, 100 and 400 lu$\chi$) were given to fishes with an electrode inserted into their bodies and then their ECGs were recorded continuously for 60 minutes in 16~18$^{\circ}C$. The results which are divided into by day and by night and then analyzed by fishes' conditions are as follows; 1. Nile tilapias reached a stable condition 3 minutes after anesthesia. In stable condition, the heart rate average was 47.6beat/min by day and 45.1beat/min by night. And the action potential average was 1.0.4$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 1.24$mutextrm{V}$ by night. 2. The heart rate average by three levels of light stimuli was, \circled1 In stimulus condition, in case of 10 lu$\chi$ 39.7beat/min by day and 38.2beat/min by night, in case of 100 lu $\chi$8.7beat/min by day and 36.9beat/min by night, and in case of 40.0. lux 36.8 beat/min by day and 35.8beat/min by night. \circled2 In recovery condition, in case of 10 lu$\chi$ 47.1beat/min by day and 46.0beat/min by night, in case of 100 lu$\chi$ 47.2beat/min by day and 45.6 beat/min by night, and in case of 400 lu$\chi$ 48.1beat/min by day and 46.6beat/min by night. 3. The action potential average by three levels of light stimuli was, \circled1 In stimulus condition, in case of 10 lu$\chi$ 1.22$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 0.71$mutextrm{V}$ by night, in case of 100 lu$\chi$ 0..63$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 0.90$mutextrm{V}$ by night, and in case of 400 lu$\chi$ 1.39$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 1.63$mutextrm{V}$ by night \circled2 In recovery condition, in case of 10 lu$\chi$ 1.26$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 1.59$mutextrm{V}$ by night, in case of 100 lu$\chi$ 2.63$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 3.65$mutextrm{V}$ by night, and in case of 400. lu$\chi$ 2.52$mutextrm{V}$ by day and 3.67$mutextrm{V}$ by night.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.124-132
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• 2001

The authors examined the response of electrocardiogram (ECG) of Mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio [Linnaeus] to light stimuli. The experiments were performed in such a way that three levels of light stimuli (10, 100, and 400 lux) were given to fishes with an electrode inserted into their bodies and then their ECGs were recorded continuously for 60 minutes. The results which are divided into by day and by night and then analyzed by fishes conditions are as follows : 1. Mirror carps reached a stable condition 5 minutes after anesthesia. In this condition, the average heart rate was 64.9 beat/min by day and 65.3 beat/min by night. And the average action potential was 36.9 nV by day and 32.9 nV by night. 2. The average heart rate by three levels of light stimuli was, 1) In a stimulus condition, in case of 10 lux 68.7 beat/min by day and 46.0 beat/min by night, in case of 100 lux 53.4 beat/min by day and 44.1 beat/min by night, and in case of 400 lux 53.2 beat/min by day and 40.1 beat/min by night. 2) In a recovery condition, in case of 10 lux 67.9 beat/min by day and 57.2 beat/min by night, in case of 100 lux 68.8 beat/min by day and 61.0 beat/min by night, and in case of 400 lux 69.6 beat/min by day and 63.6 beat/min by night. 3. The average action potential by three levels of light stimuli was, 1) In a stimulus condition, in case of 10 lux 59.1 nV by day and 24.0 nV by night, in case of 100 lux 26.8 nV by day and 45.6 nV by night, and in case of 400 lux 71.7 nV by day and 14.4 nV by night. 2) In a recovery condition, in case of 10 lux 38.8 nV by day and 27.3 nV by night, in case of 100 lux 29.0 nV by day and 39.3 nV by night, and in case of 400 lux 66.4 nV by day and 21.4 nV by night.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.278-283
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• 2002

The response of electrocardiogram(ECG) of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus [Linnaeus] was studied to the electric stimulus which was given to a certain part of body The experiments were performed in such a way that three levels of electric stimulus (20, 30, 40 Vp ； 10 msec) were given to fishes with electrode inserted into their bodies and then their ECGs were recorded continuously for 60 minutes in the water temperature of 16~18$^{\circ}C$ The results of the experiments were divided by day and night, and then were analyzed by experimental conditions as follows; 1. Nile tilapia reached a stable condition within 3 minutes after the electrode inserted into their bodies during anesthesia. In stable condition, the heart rates average was 45.8 beat/min during daytime and 45.0 beat/min at night. The action potentials average was 1.76 $mutextrm{V}$during daytime and 1.75 $mutextrm{V}$ at night. 2. The heart rates average by three levels of electric stimulus were \circled1 In the stimulus condition, the heart rates were 34.9 beat/min during daytime and 33.4 beat/min at night for the 20 Vp level, 36.8 bea/min during daytime and 36.0 beat/min at night for the 30 Vp level, and 38.0 beat/min during daytime and 36.4 beat/min at night for the 40Vp level. \circled2 In the recovery condition, the action potentials were 45.5 beat/min during daytime an 45.1 beat/min at night for the 20Vp level, 47.9 beat/min during daytime and 49.0 beat/min at night for the 30Vp level, and 51.4 beat/min during daytime and 50.7 beat/min at night for the 40Vp level 3. The action potentials average by three levels of electric stimulus were, \circled1 In the stimulus condition, action potentials were 2.54 $mutextrm{V}$ during daytime and 2.39 $mutextrm{V}$ at night for the 20 Vp level, 3.30 $mutextrm{V}$ during daytime and 2.30 $mutextrm{V}$ at night for the 30 Vp level and 6.05 $mutextrm{V}$ during daytime and 3.23 $mutextrm{V}$ at night for the 40 Vp level. \circled2 In the recovery condition, action potentials were 1.92 $mutextrm{V}$ during daytime and 1.95 $mutextrm{V}$ at night for the 20 Vp level and 2.78 $mutextrm{V}$ during daytime and 2.21 $mutextrm{V}$ at night for the 30Vp level and 3.6 0 $mutextrm{V}$ during daytime and 2.98 $mutextrm{V}$ at night for the 40 Vp level.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2009

To determine the effects of circulation frequency of nutrient solution, three frequencies of 10min. on/10min. off; 10min. on/110min. off; and 10min. on/1,430min. off. treatments were applied to leafy vegetable production using deep flow technique (DFT) systems and their growth and phytonutrient content were investigated. In the 10min. on/I,430min. off treatment, dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) 17 days after treatment decreased to 2.8mg. $L^{-1}$, known to be a low DOC that causes hypoxia, and thereafter decreased to 1.5mg. $L^{-1}$ 20 days after treatment. Fresh weight of 7 leafy vegetables in the 10min. on/1,430min. off treatment was lower by 0${\sim}$24% than those in the 10min. on/110min. off treatment, and those in the 10min. on/10min. off was higher by -2${\sim}$34% than those in the 10min. on/110min. off treatment as control. As the more frequent circulation was applied, the higher phosphorous content and the lower carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) and total ascorbic acid contents were resulted. Results indicate that the circulation frequency of 110min, on/110min. off could be recommended for the production of the tested leafy vegetables in DFT systems.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.978-983
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• 1999

Background: Complement activation with transpulmonary leukocyte sequestration is considered a main mediator leading to ischemia-reperfusion lung(I-R) injury. We studied the role of leukocytes in the formation of I-R injury in ovine cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) model with a membrane oxygenator. Material and Method: Five sheep were used. CPB circuitry consisted of a roller pump(American Optical Corp., Greenwich, CT, USA) and a membrane oxygenator(UNIVOX-IC, Bentley, Baxter Health Corp, Irvine, CA, USA). The CPB time was fixed at 120 min. Ten minutes after the start of CPB, total CPB was established. Thereafter a total CPB of 100 min was performed, followed by another 10 min of partial CPB. The CPB was discontinued and the animals were fully recovered. For measuring left and right atrial leukocyte counts, blood samples were taken before thoracotomy, 5 min and 109 in after the start of CPB, and 30 min and 120 min after weaning. C3a was measured before thoracotomy, 109 min after the start of CPB, and 30 min and 120 min after weaning. Plasma malondialdehyde(MDA) was checked before thoracotomy, 109 min after the start of CPB, and 30 min after weaning. One to two grams of lung tissue were taken for water content measurement before thoracotomy, 109 min after the start of CPB, and 30 min after weaning. Lung biopsy specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy. Result: Of 5 animals, 4 survived the experimental procedures. Of these, 3 animals survived on a long-term basis. No significant differences in transpulmonary gradients of leukocyte were found and no significant complement activation was expressed by C3a levels. MDA level did not show significant changes related to lung reperfusion despite an increase after the start of CPB. On both light and electron microscopic examinations, mild to moderate acute lung change was observed. Interstitial edema, leakage of erythrocytes into the alveolar space and endothelial cell swelling were the main findings. Water content of the lung showed a slight increase after the start of CPB, but there was no statistical significance. Conclusion: These findings indicate that ischemia-repersusion lung injury may not be from complement activation-leukocyte sequestration but from another source of oxygen free radicals related to CPB.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.237-251
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• 2013

Objective : Min fire(民火) is mentioned as a kind of fire that exists in human body, which rarely appears in traditional medical books. It was mainly mentioned as a fire in urinary bladder, and was referred to have some function in the process of qi transformation(氣化) in urinary bladder. As the concept of min fire was originated from the Taoist internal alchemy, this study will make a comparative research between the examples of min fire in medical theory and Taoist internal alchemy, and will find out the conceptual significance of min fire in medical theory. Method : Among traditional medical books, min fire appears in such books as Yixuerumen(醫學入門), Youyoujicheng(幼幼集成), Fengshijinnangmilu(馮氏錦囊秘錄), and also in some books of Taoist internal alchemy. Though rather brief and informal, they show us some information about the performance of min fire in human body. So based on the information about min fire that was acquired from those books, this study will apply the concept of min fire to the traditional dispute on the problem of qi transformation in urinary bladder. Result & Conclusion : The concept of min fire that is related to the problem of qi transformation in urinary bladder, shows well that qi transformation in urinary bladder produces not only urine but also the ascent of shuijing(水精). And it also shows well that min fire acts as a power for the qi transformation in urinary bladder, which would perform well in the cooperation with sovereign fire(君火). This can be presented as a theoretical basis that the power for the qi transformation in urinary bladder is basically prepared in urinary bladder itself.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2005

Wheat straw was treated with microwave for 4 min and 8 min at a power of 750 W and frequency of 2,450 MHz. Chemical compositions of untreated, 4 min treated and 8 min treated straws were analyzed and in sacco degradabilities of all these straws in yak rumens were measured. Microwave treatment didn't significantly (p>0.05) affect the chemical composition of the straw. In sacco dry matter (DM) degradability of the straw after 18 h incubation in rumen was significantly (p<0.01) improved by microwave treatment. In sacco crude protein (CP) degradability of the straw was not (p>0.05) affected by microwave treatment. In sacco organic matter (OM) degradability of the straw was increased (p<0.01) by around 20% for both the 4 min and 8 min microwave treatment, that of acid detergent fibre (ADF) was increased (p<0.01) by 61.6% and 62.8%, and that of ash free ADF was enhanced by 72.1% and 69.6% for the 4 min and 8 min microwave treatment respectively. No significant difference was observed between the 4 min and 8 min microwave treatment on the degradability of DM, OM, CP, ADF and ash-free ADF of the straw.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2020

Here, the stability of stainless steel 316 (SS-316) was investigated to identify its applicability in the oxide reduction process, as a component in related equipment, to produce a complicated gas mixture composed of O₂ and Cl₂ under an argon (Ar) atmosphere. The effects of the mixed gas composition were investigated at flow rates of 30 mL/min O₂, 20 mL/min O₂ + 10 mL/min Cl₂, 10 mL/min O₂ + 20 mL/min Cl₂, and 30 mL/min Cl₂, each at 600℃, during a constant argon flow rate of 170 mL/min. It was found that the corrosion of SS-316 by the chlorine gas was suppressed by the presence of oxygen, while the reaction proceeded linearly with the reaction time regardless of gas composition. Surface observation results revealed an uneven surface with circular pits in the samples that were fed mixed gases. Thermodynamic calculations proposed the combination of Fe and Ni chlorination reactions as an explanation for this pit formation phenomenon. An exponential increase in the corrosion rate was observed with an increase in the reaction temperature in a range of 300 ~ 600℃ under a flow of 30 mL/min Cl₂ + 170 mL/min Ar.