• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.337-342
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the weed suppressing effects of different cropping system including hairy vetch and rye cover crops, polyethylene plastic film, and transplanting film mulching in direct sowing and transplanted foxtail millet field in 2011. Crop growth and development and weed occurrences in the fields were examined to know the efficiency of proposed cropping system. In polyethylene film mulching treatment, heading date of foxtail millet was earlier by 4 days than control, on the other hands, rye cover crop mulching delayed heading date by 8 days. Besides the effect of cover crop on the heading of foxtail millet, the residues changed growth characteristics. Plant height of foxtail millet was increased by 92.4% at hairy vetch treatment although the height of was reduced by 63.7% in the rye cover crop treatment. Hairy vetch treatment showed beneficial effects on foxtail millet growth reduced the occurrences of grasses and broadleaf weeds higher than 90%, as compared to control in foxtail millet fields. While rye cover crop treatment showed poor foxtail millet growth reduced less strongly grasses and broad-leaf weeds by 47% and 90%, respectively. At harvest, yield of foxtail millet was greater in order of hairy vetch cover crop > polyethylene film mulching > rye cover crop ${\fallingdotseq}$ control in both transplanted and direct sown fields.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.742-748
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• 1989

Rheological properties of gelatinized millet starch dispersions were evaluated. Gelatinized nonwaxy and waxy millet starch dispersion were typical pseudoplastic fluids. At constant shear rate, gelatinized waxy millet starch dispersion showed higher shear stress than nonwaxy millet starch dispersion. Flow behaviours of gelatinized nonwaxy and waxy millet starch dispersion were well fitted to Herschel-Bulkley equation and flow behaviour index (n) and consistency index (K) were strongly concentration dependent. There was a linear relationship between concentration of gelatinized starch dispersion and square root of yield stress. The concentrations of gelatinized nonwaxy and waxy millet starch dispersion where yield stresses become zero were estimated as 2.19 and 1.69%, respectively. Pseudoplastic constant (m) approaches to a constant value in each type of millet starch when the concentration of gelatinized starch dispersion was increased. As the measuring temperatures increase, n value was increased, whereas, K value was decreased. The activation energies of gelatinized nonwaxy and waxy millet starch dispersion were 2.89 and 3.18kcal/mol, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.286-290
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• 2018

This study was carried on comparison of forage yields and growth of cropping system as forage (winter & summer) in Cheonan 2015~2016. The species of forage crop used were Barley (cv. Youngyang), Sorghum (cv. SX17), Proso millet (domestic) and Japanese millet (cv. Jeju). Plant height is the lowest when harvested in lough stage than in the harvests of all summer crops. The dry matter yield of lough stage was 1,343 kg/10a in barley. Looking at the dry matter according to cropping systems, the sorghum was higher at 10,018 kg when harvested at the lough stage than at the harvest. Dry matter of Proso millet and Japanese millet also had higher at the lough stage than at other harvest times. ADF content of sorghum was lower than that of harvesting, but Proso millet and Japanese millet showed higher ADF content in lough stage. The NDF content of the three crops was higher than that of the harvests, and crude protein content was higher in harvest than that of at lough stage. Total production of crude protein against dry matter yield was about 761 kg when sorghum was harvested at lough stage. There was no difference in the content of TDN among three crops according to harvesting time.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.48-60
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• 2023

Although foxtail and broomcorn millet have been cultivated since the Neolithic Age on the Korean Peninsula, there have been few studies on how the importance of millet cultivation changed over time. The discovery of millet has been rare in the Mahan-Baekje villages in the Jeonnam region, and archaeological discussions on ancient farming have centered around rice farming. However, a large amount of millet was found at the Osan site in Bongrim-ri, Jangheung, showing that the tradition of millet cultivation continued during the AD 3-4 centuries. In contrast to rice farming, which requires low-lying wetlands, hot and humid summers, and a large labor force, millet cultivation has few restrictions in terms of growing environment and labor mobilization. Regarding harvesting seasons, the crops at the Osan site can be divided into fall harvesting (rice, legumes, millet) and summer harvesting (wheat). Regarding field locations, the crops are divided into wetland crops (rice) and dryland crops (wheat, legumes, millet). The operation of the dual agricultural system contributed to subsistence resilience and agricultural production, making it possible to effectively manage social and climatic crises.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2015

Purpose: The study was conducted to investigate the proper working conditions like the mesh size of the concave and the chaffer angle of the oscillating sieve, and the fan speed of the head-feeding rice combine for foxtail millet harvesting. Methods: The study aimed to determine the harvesting conditions for the rice combine harvester at a 0.5 m/s working speed and at $40^{\circ}$ and $55^{\circ}$ sieve chaffer angles. The harvesting loss of the foxtail millet based on the speed of the fan and the oscillating speed of the sieve was measured at three levels of fan speed and oscillating sieve speed. Results: The threshing rates of different foxtail millet varieties were 64.1~83.5% at a mesh size of 7 mm of the concave. In experimental foxtail millet harvesting, the optimal operating condition of the rice combine harvester included a $40^{\circ}$ sieve chaffer angle and a 4.8 Hz oscillating sieve (cleaning shoe) frequency. The grain loss was found to be lower at a $40^{\circ}$ than at a $55^{\circ}$ sieve chaffer angle. In field harvesting using the combine harvester, the lowest harvesting grain loss rate of the foxtail millet varieties ranged between 0.2~0.5% at a 7 mm mesh concave, $40^{\circ}$ chaffer angle, 4.8 Hz sieve frequency, and a 20 m/s fan speed at an engine speed of 2,000 revolutions per minute (RPM). Conclusions: Findings showed that foxtail millet could be harvested using the combine harvester.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.43-43
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• 2019

The collection, evaluation and conservation of crop germplasm have been treated as one of the basics to breeding program. An understanding of genetic relationships among germplasm resources is vital for future breeding process like yield, quality, and resistance. In the present study, EST-SSR markers were employed to assess the polymorphism and genetic diversity of 192 accessions of Proso millet preserved in the National Agrobiodiversity Center of RDA. We evaluated the efficiency of EST-SSR markers developed for proso millet species. A total of 98 alleles were detected with an average allele number of 4.5 per locus among 192 proso millet millet accessions using 22 EST-SSR markers. The averaged values of gene diversity ($H_E$) and polymorphism information content (PIC) for each EST-SSR marker were 0.362 and 0.404 within populations, respectively. Our results showed the moderate level of the molecular diversity among the proso millet accessions from diverse countries. A phylogenetic tree revealed three major groups of accessions that did not correspond with geographical distribution patterns with a few exceptions. The less correlation between the clusters and their geographic location might be considered due to their type difference. Our study provided a better understanding of genetic relationships among various germplasm collections, and it could contribute to more efficient utilization of valuable genetic resources. The EST-SSR markers developed here will serve as a valuable resource for genetic studies, like linkage mapping, diversity analysis, quantitative trait locus/association mapping, and molecular breeding.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.443-451
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• 2021

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is widely cultivated in tropical regions worldwide owing to its high nutritional value. Finger millet is more tolerant against biotic and abiotic stresses such as pests, drought, and salt than other millet crops; therefore, it was proposed as a candidate crop to adapt to climate change in Korea. In 2019, we used expressed sequence tag simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure of 102 finger millet accessions from two geographical regions (Africa and South Asia) to identify appropriate accessions and enhance crop diversity in Korea. In total, 40 primers produced 116 alleles, ranging in size from 135 to 457 bp, with a mean polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.18225. Polymorphism was detected among the 40 primers, and 13 primers were found to have PIC values > 0.3. Principal coordinate and phylogenetic analyses, based on the combined data of both markers, grouped the finger millet accessions according to their respective collection areas.Therefore, the 102 accessions were classified into two groups, one from Asia and the other from Africa. We have conducted an in-depth study on the finger millet landrace pedigree. By sorting out and using the molecular characteristics of each pedigree, it will be useful for the management and accession identification of the plant resource. The novel SSR markers developed in this study will aid in future genetic analyses of E. coracana.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate dry matter productivity and nitrate nitrogen content in the growth stages of barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta) cultivated for feed, which was treated with different nitrogen fertilization levels. An early variety of barnyard millet (cv. Shirohie) was used for the test, and the different treatments with nitrogen fertilizer were as follows: 50% (N-40 kg/ha, T1), 100% (N-80 kg/ha, reference amount, T2), 150% (N-120 kg/ha, T3), 200% (N- 160 kg/ha, T4), 250% (N-200 kg/ha, T5), and 300% (N-240 kg/ha, T6). Sowing was done on May 13, 2021 and plants were harvested for four stage; vegetative stage, elongation stage, heading stage, and milk stage. The length of the millet increased significantly as the amount of nitrogen fertilization increased during the harvest period (p<0.05), but the difference was insignificant during the milk stage (p>0.05). Moreover, barnyard millet dry matter yield increased significantly as the levels of nitrogen fertilization increased (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in dry matter yield among nitrogen fertilization levels during the heading stage (p>0.05). Chlorophyll also was significantly higher in T5 (250%) at all harvesting times, whereas nitrate nitrogen content was highest at the vegetative stage, gradually decreased as growth progressed, and lowest at the milk stage. Finally, as the nitrogen fertilization levels increased, the nitrate nitrogen content was significantly higher in all treatment groups (p<0.05). Therefore, our results suggest that the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer levels is between 150%-200%, considering the dry matter yield, feed ingredients and nitrate nitrogen content in barnyard millet for feed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.442-449
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• 2017

This study was carried out to analyze the antioxidant components and activities of cooked mixed grain rice-added foxtail millet with different addition rates (5, 10, 15, and 20%) and cooking methods. The two foxtail millet varieties used in this study were non-waxy foxtail millet, 'Samdame', and waxy foxtail millet, 'Samdachal'. Cooked mixed grain rice-added foxtail millet was cooked by general and high pressure cooking methods with and without fermented alcohol. Except for breakdown viscosity, pasting characteristics of foxtail millet were reduced with increasing amounts of foxtail millet. Water-binding capacity and swelling power significantly decreased with increasing amounts of foxtail millet, whereas water solubility index significantly increased. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents increased with increasing amounts of foxtail millet. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities also increased with increasing amounts of foxtail millet. Moreover, foxtail millet cooked by general cooking method with fermented alcohol showed higher antioxidant effect compared to other cooking methods. In this study, antioxidant components and activities of cooked mixed grain rice-added foxtail millet with different addition rates and cooking methods can be used as basic data for manufacturing processed products.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.409-416
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• 2013

Millet and sorghum are major dryland cereal crops, however their growth and productivity is limited by soil water stress with varying intensity. The major objective of this study was to evaluate water stress of millet and sorghum yield under drainage classes of poorly drained soil and to test the effect of the installed pipe drainage in poorly drained paddy soil to minimize crop stress. The research was carried out in poorly drained paddy fields located at alluvial slopping area resulting in non-uniform water content distribution by the inflow of ground water from the upper part of the field. Stress Day Index (SDI) was determined from a stress day factor (SD) and a crop susceptibility factor (CS). SD is a degree of measurement by calculating the daily sum of excess water in the profile above 30cm soil depth ($SEW_{30}$). CS depends on a given excess water on crop stage. The results showed that sum of excess water day ($SWD_{30}$) used to represent the moisture stress index was lower on somewhat poorly drained soil compared with poorly drained soil on 117 days. CS values for sorghum were 57% on $3^{rd}$ leaf stage, 44% on $5^{th}$ leaf stage, 37% on panicle initiation, 23% on boot stage, and 16% on soft dough stage. For proso millet CS values were 84% on $3^{rd}$ leaf stage, 70% on $5^{th}$ leaf Stage, 65% on panicle initiation, 53% on boot stage, and 28% on soft dough stage. And for foxtail millet the values were 73% on $3^{rd}$ leaf stage, 61% on $5^{th}$ leaf stage, 50% on panicle initiation, 29% on boot stage, and 15% on soft dough stage. SDI of sorghum and millet was more susceptible to excess soil water during panicle initation stage more poorly drained soil than somewhat poorly drained soil. Grain yield was reduced especially in proso millet and Foxtail millet compared to Sorghum.