• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.151-154
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity of introduced crimson clover cultivars at paddy field of Naju(Jeollanam-Do Agricultural Research and Extension) from 2004 to 2006. The crimson clover cultivars used in this study were 4 varieties('Oregon com.' 'Tibbee', 'Contea', 'Linkarus') The fastest flowering variety was chinese milk vetch, while 'Linkarus' was the latest one as of as 5th May. The average dry matter(DM) content was 24.3% and crude protein(CP) content was 14.9%. 'Oregon com.' showed the highest CP content of 18.3% among crimson clover and Chinese milk vetch showed the highest CP content by 19.3%. Average acid detergent fiber(ADF), neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and total digestible nutrient(TDN) content were 35.1%, 45.3% and 58.9%, respectively. With by the winter hardness the productivity of crimson clover cultivars were severely various. Linkarus showed the highest DM yield with 6,986kg/ha but the DM yield of 'Tibbee' and 'Oregon com.' was low by 3,639 kg/ha and 1,980kg/ha, respectively. The results of this experiments indicated that the productivity of crimson clover cultivar varied from winter hardness, therefore we will consider the winter hardness as major factor when introducing crimson clover cultivars into Korea. According to the results obtained from this study, it is suggested that 'Linkarus' would be recommendable for fall sown crimson clover for dry matter production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1359-1366
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• 2000

An experiment was carried out to study plasma levels of hormones and metabolites of crossbred Holstein cattle during late pregnancy (28 days pre partum), early lactation (30 days post partum), mid-lactation (120 days post partum) and late lactation (210 days post partum). Two breed types of Holstein $Friesian{\times}Red$ Sindhi (50:50 = 50%HF) and Holstein $Friesian{\times}Red$ Sindhi (87.5:12.5 = 87.5%HF) were divided into four groups of four animals each. Two groups of each breed were fed with either rice straw treated with 5% urea or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage throughout the experiments. There were a substantial increases in the mean levels of total triiodothyronine ($T_3$), insulin and glucagon at the onset of lactation, and maintained in a high levels during lactation advance for all groups of experiments. The mean levels of prolactin and thyroxine ($T_4$) were not significantly different among groups of animals, but the plasma cortisol concentration was slightly higher in both groups of 50%HF in comparison with those of 87.5%HF animals. The mean levels of plasma growth hormone (GH) of both groups of 87.5%HF animals feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw markedly rose in the early period of lactation and markedly reduced in mid- and late lactation. These changes were accompanied with changes of milk yield. In contrast to 50%HF animals, plasma GH levels were considerably higher in the late pregnant period than in the early period of lactation and it remained constant as its value at the early lactation throughout the experimental period. The high levels of both plasma progesterone and estradiol concentration significantly declined after parturition and remained low through lactating period. The plasma glucose level in the 50%HF animals feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw was higher than the 87.5%HF animals in all periods of experiments. Changes in plasma FFA levels of both types of crossbred animals were depended on the endocrine status during late pregnancy and lactation. The levels of plasma FFA of 50%HF animals were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of 87.5%HF animals during late pregnancy. Both plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate and lactate concentrations were not affected by feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw during late pregnancy and lactation. These data demonstrate that there were no differences in the physiological performances in the same crossbred animals fed either hay or urea treated rice straw. The 87.5%HF animal has the genetic potential for a high milk yield and homeorhetic adaptation for mammary function differed from 50%HF animals during periods of lactation. Altering lactation persistency in 87.5%HF is regulated mainly by chronically acting growth hormones through the period of lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1558-1564
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• 2015

Cutaneous evaporative heat loss in Bos indicus and Bos taurus has been well documented. Nonetheless, how crossbreds with different fractional genetic proportions respond to such circumstances is of interest. A study to examine the physiological responses to cutaneous evaporative heat loss, also lactation period and milk yield, were conducted in Sahiwal (Bos indicus, n = 10, $444{\pm}64.8kg$, $9{\pm}2.9years$), Holstein Friesian (Bos taurus, HF100% (n = 10, $488{\pm}97.9kg$, $6{\pm}2.8years$)) and the following crossbreds: HF50% (n = 10, $355{\pm}40.7kg$, $2{\pm}0years$) and HF87.5% (n = 10, $489{\pm}76.8kg$, $7{\pm}1.8years$). They were allocated so as to determine the physiological responses of sweating rate (SR), respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and skin temperature (ST) with and without hair from 06:00 h am to 15:00 h pm. And milk yield during 180 days were collected at days from 30 to 180. The ambient temperature-humidity-index (THI) increased from less than 80 in the early morning to more than 90 in the late afternoon. The interaction of THI and breed were highly affected on SR, RR, RT, and ST (p<0.01). The SR was highest in Sahiwal ($595g/m^2/h$) compared to HF100% ($227g/m^2/h$), and their crossbreds both HF50% ($335g/m^2/h$) and HF87.5% ($299g/m^2/h$). On the other hand, RR was higher in HF87.5% (54 bpm) and both HF100% (48 bpm) and HF50% (42 bpm) than Sahiwal (25 bpm) (p<0.01). The RT showed no significant differences as a result of breed (p>0.05) but did change over time. The ST with and without hair were similar, and was higher in HF100% ($37.4^{\circ}C$; $38.0^{\circ}C$) and their crossbred HF50% ($35.5^{\circ}C$; $35.5^{\circ}C$) and HF87.5% ($37.1^{\circ}C$; $37.9^{\circ}C$) than Sahiwal ($34.8^{\circ}C$; $34.8^{\circ}C$) (p<0.01). Moreover, the early lactation were higher at HF100% (25 kg) and 87.5% (25 kg) than HF50% (23 kg) which were higher than Sahiwal (18 kg) while the peak period of lactation was higher at HF100% (35 kg) than crossbreds both HF87.5% and HF50% (32 kg) which was higher than Sahiwal (26 kg) (p<0.05). In conclusion, sweating and respiration were the main vehicle for dissipating excess body heat for Sahiwal, HF and crossbreds, respectively. The THI at 76 to 80 were the critical points where the physiological responses to elevated temperature displayed change.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 2002

Ninety pre-puberal (6-7 months) female and 15 pre-puberal male Black Bengal goats were collected on the basis of their phenotypic characteristics from different parts of Bangladesh. Goats were reared under semi-intensive management, in permanent house. The animals were vaccinated against Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR), drenched with anthelmentics and deeped in 0.5% Melathion solution. They were allowed to graze 6-7 h along with supplemental concentrate and green forages. Concentrates were supplied either 200-300 g/d (low level feeding) or quantity that supply NRC (1981) recommended nutrient (high level of feeding). Different physiological, productive and reproductive characteristics of the breed were recorded. At noon (temperature=$95^{\circ}F$ and light intensity=60480 LUX) rectal temperature and respiration rate of adult male and female increased from 100.8 to $104.8^{\circ}F$ and 35 to 115 breath/min, indicated a heat stress situation. Young female attain puberty at an average age and weight of 7.2$\pm$0.18 months and 8.89$\pm$0.33 kg respectively. Mean age and weight at 1st kidding were 13.5$\pm$0.49 months and 15.3$\pm$0.44 kg respectively. It required 1.24-1.68 services per conception with an average gestation length of 146 days. At low level of feeding the postpartum estrus interval was 37$\pm$2.6 days, which reduced (p<0.05) with high feeding level to 21$\pm$6.9 days. Kidding interval also reduced (p<0.05) from 192 d at low feeding level to 177 d at high feeding level. On an average there were two kiddings/doe/year. Average litter sizes in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th parity were 1.29, 1.71, 1.87 and 2.17 respectively. Birth weights of male and female kids were 1.24 and 1.20 kg respectively, which increased (p<0.05) with better feeding. Although kid mortality was affected (p<0.05) by dam's weight at kidding, birth weight of kid, milk yield of dam, parity of kidding, season of birth, but pre-netal dam's nutrition found to be the most important factor. Kid mortality reduced from 35% at low level of feeding to 6.5% at high level of feeding of dam during gestation. Apparently, this was due to high (p<0.05) average daily milk yield (334 vs. 556 g/d) and heavier and stronger kid at birth at high feeding level.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2013

Sources of energy and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) have been used to meet nutrient requirements for high producing dairy cows. However studies for manipulation the levels of energy and RUP in diets have been mainly achieved using dairy cows at early-lactation period. The objective of this study thus, was to investigate the effects of different energy and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) levels on dry matter intake and milk yield in Holstein cows at mid-lactation period. Basal diet was prepared as TMR to meet nutrient requirements for dairy cows at mid-lactation according to NRC recommendation. Cows of control group (Con) were fed only basal diets while ground corn (0.5 kg/d), heat-treated soybean meal (0.5 kg/d), and their mixture (0.25 kg of each supplements/d) were added to diets for cows of treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3 respectively) to modulate the level of energy and RUP contents in diets. Addition of energy or RUP source in basal TMR did not affect in total DMI while TMR intake tended to be higher in Con compared to T3. Cows fed T3 diets tended to show increased milk yield and MUN content than those of Con. Cows for T2 as well as T3 had lower ADG (P<0.05) compared with those of Con. We concluded that the addition of RUP source in diets for dairy cows on mid-lactation period might cause the decrement of DMI and ADG.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Generally, nitrogen (N) fertilization higher than the recommended dose is applied during vegetable cultivation to increase productivity. But higher N fertilization also increases the concentrations of nitrate ions and nitrous oxide in soil. In this experiment, the impact of N fertilization was studied on nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission to standardize the optimum fertilization level for minimizing $N_2O$ emission as well as increasing crop productivity. Herein, we developed $N_2O$ emission inventory for upland soil region during red pepper and Chinese milk vetch cultivation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nitrogen fertilizers were applied at different rates to study their effect on $N_2O$ emission during red pepper and Chinese milk vetch cultivation. The gas samples were collected by static closed chamber method and $N_2O$ concentration was measured by gas chromatography. The total $N_2O$ flux was steadily increased due to increasing N fertilization level, though the overall pattern of $N_2O$ emission dynamics was same. Application of N fertilization higher than the recommended dose increased the values of both seasonal $N_2O$ flux (94.5% for Chinese cabbage and 30.7% for red pepper) and $N_2O$ emission per unit crop yield (77.9% for Chinese cabbage and 23.2% for red pepper). Nitrous oxide inventory revealed that the $N_2O$ emission due to unit amount of N application from short-duration vegetable field in fall (autumn) season (6.36 kg/ha) was almost 70% higher than that during summer season. CONCLUSION: Application of excess N-fertilizers increased seasonal $N_2O$ flux especially the $N_2O$ flux per unit yield during both Chinese cabbage and red pepper cultivation. This suggested that the higher N fertilization than the recommended dose actually facilitates $N_2O$ emission than boosting plant productivity. The $N_2O$ inventory for upland farming in temperate region like Korea revealed that $N_2O$ flux due to unit amount of N-fertilizer application for Chinese cabbage in fall (autumn) season was comparatively higher than that of summer vegetables like red pepper. Therefore, the judicious N fertilization following recommended dose is required to suppress $N_2O$ emission with high vegetable productivity in upland soils.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.419-428
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• 2012

This study was carried out to analyze winter cereal crops for harvest time, proper drying time and haylage quality in order to investigate the possibility of the production of good quality haylage substitute for hay. As a result, in case of productivity and feed value, dry matter yield and TDN yield was increased with late harvest and crude protein and NDF, ADF was decreased (p<0.05). To make haylage for whole crop barley, oats, triticale, whole crop wheat need more than 32 hour wilting time in the milk ripe stage, yellow ripe stage need about 8~24 hour, and wilting time did not need the full ripe stage. Rye does not suitable for making haylage because of difficulty pre-wilting time. In case of fermentative quality on haylage, pH was increased with late harvest on all winter cereal crop forage. Lactic acid content was decreased with late harvest (p<0.05), and highest in the milk ripe stage. Acetic acid was also decreased with late harvest, and butyric acid was not detected. In conclusion, to harvest sooner of winter cereal crops could be an efficient way when making haylage in terms of protein content and fermentation quality. Ray can used as fresh and silage, because difficulty for pre-wilting time in Korea. Whole crop barley, oats, triticale, wheat can be used haylage when harvested yellow ripen stage and pre-wilting time for 8~24 hours.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.225-228
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• 2006

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of ovulation-synchronization(OVSYNCH) method on conception rate after insemination of dairy cattle. The proportion of conception of normal fertility cows(65%) was higher than that in infertility cows(50%) in dairy cows with OVSYNCH treatment. However, there was no significant difference between experimental groups. In another experiment, when the OVSYNCH method was adapted in multiparous dairy cows, the conception rate of experimental group of $30{\sim}35kg/day$ in milk yield was significantly higher than those in groups of $20{\sim}25kg/day$ in milk yield(p<0.05). In conception rates by OVSYNCH method in experimental groups with different parity, the group of 1st parity was significantly higher than in 3rd parity group(p<0.05). The results suggest that conception rate by OVSYNCH method was affected by various reproductive conditions in dairy cattle, and OVSYNCH method could be used to increase the conception rate for infertility cows with hormone disorder.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1415-1424
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• 2021

Objective: Portable laser methane detectors (LMDs) may be an economical means of estimating CH₄ emissions from ruminants. We validated an LMD-based approach and then used that approach to evaluate CH₄ emissions from indigenous dairy cows in a dryland area of Ethiopia. Methods: First, we validated our LMD-based approach in Simmental crossbred beef cattle (n = 2) housed in respiration chambers and fed either a high- or low-concentrate diet. From the results of the validation, we constructed an estimation equation to determine CH₄ emissions from LMD CH₄ concentrations. Next, we used our validated LMD approach to examine CH₄ emissions in Fogera dairy cows grazed for 8 h/d (GG, n = 4), fed indoors on natural-grassland hay (CG1, n = 4), or fed indoors on Napier-grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hay (CG2, n = 4). All the cows were supplemented with concentrate feed. Results: The exhaled CH₄ concentrations measured by LMD were linearly correlated with the CH₄ emissions determined by infrared-absorption-based gas analyzer (r² = 0.55). The estimation equation used to determine CH₄ emissions (y, mg/min) from LMD CH₄ concentrations (x, ppm m) was y = 0.4259x+38.61. Daily CH₄ emissions of Fogera cows estimated by using the equation did not differ among the three groups; however, a numerically greater milk yield was obtained from the CG2 cows than from the GG cows, suggesting that Napier-grass hay might be better than natural-grassland hay for indoor feeding. The CG1 cows had higher CH₄ emissions per feed intake than the other groups, without significant increases in milk yield and body-weight gain, suggesting that natural-grassland hay cannot be recommended for indoor-fed cows. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the potential of using LMDs to valuate feeding regimens rapidly and economically for dairy cows in areas under financial constraint, while taking CH₄ emissions into consideration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 1977

A laboratory study was made to develop a simple and economic model method for the systematic determination of functional properties of 'Soy Protein Isolates (SPI)' prepared from defatted soybean meal. These are required to evaluate and to predict how SPI may behave in specific systems and such proteins can be used to simulate or replace conventional proteins. Data concerning the effects of pH, salt concentration, temperature, and protein concentration on the functional properties which include solubility, heat denaturation, gel forming capacity, emulsifying capacity, and foaming capacity are presented. The results are as follows: 1) The yield of SPI from defatted soybean meal increased to 83.9 % as the soybean meal was extracted with 0.02 N NaOH. 2) The suitable viscocity of a dope solution for spinning fiber was found to be 60 Poises by using syringe needle (0.3 mm) with 15 % SPI in 0.6 % NaOH. 3) Heat caused thickening and gelation in concentration of 8 % with a temperature threshold of $70^{\circ}C$. At $8{\sim}12\;%$ protein concentration, gel was formed within $10{\sim}30\;min$ at $70{\sim}100\;^{\circ}C$. It was, however, disrupted rapidly at $125\;^{\circ}C$ of overheat treatment. The gel was firm, resilient and self-supporting at protein concentration of 14 % and less susceptible to disruption of overheating. 4) The emulsifying capacity (EC) of SPI was correlated positively to the solubility of protein at ${\mu}=0$. At pH of the isoelectric point of SPI (pH 4.6), EC increased as concentration of sodium chloride increased. Using model system$(mixing\;speed:\;12,000\;r.p.m.,\;oil\;addition\;rate:\;0.9\;ml/sec,\;and\;temperature\;:\;20{\pm}1\;^{\circ}C)$, the maximum EC of SPI was found to be 47.2 ml of oil/100 mg protein, at the condition of pH 8.7 and ${\mu}=0.6$. The milk casein had greater EC than SPI at lower ionic strength while the EC of SPI was the same as milk casein at higher ionic strength. 5) The shaking test was used in determining the foam-ability of proteins. Progressively increasing SPI concentration up to 5 % indicated that the maximum protein concentration for foaming capacity was 2 %. Sucrose reduced foam expansion slightly but enhanced foam stability. The results of comparing milk casein and egg albumin were that foaming properties of SPI were the same as egg albumin, and better than milk casein, particularly in foam stability.