• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2008

본 연구는 숙면 유도 호르몬으로 알려진 멜라토닌의 원유 및 유제품 내 함량을 방사면역측정법으로 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 착유 시간에 따른 멜라토닌 함량은 새벽 4시에 착유한 원유 샘플의 멜라토닌 함량이 평균 $6.90{\pm}3.55pg/mL$로 나타났으며, 저녁 7시 및 낮 12시 착유 원유 샘플은 각각 $2.01{\pm}1.47pg/mL$와 $0.16{\pm}0.04pg/mL$로 나타나 새벽 착유 원유 내 멜라토닌 함량이 유의적으로 높은 결과를 나타내었으며, 이는 로봇 착유기를 사용하는 농가에서도 심야 및 새벽 착유 원유에서 멜라토닌 함량이 가장 높게 나타나 2개 목장 모두 비슷한 결과를 나타내었다. 2. 일반 우유 제품과 나이트 밀크 제품 간 멜라토닌 함량비교 시, 나이트 밀크의 멜라토닌 함량이 약 5배 정도 높은 결과를 보였다. 3. 일반 우유를 대상으로 원유, 균질 및 살균 등의 공정이 멜라토닌 함량에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으나, 그 수준은 매우 낮은 농도로 존재하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.475-490
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• 2021

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of two levels of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) without or with whole or extruded flaxseed on milk yield, milk component, milk fatty acids (FAs) profile and plasma metabolites in transition ewes. Three weeks before and after lambing, seventy-two Baluchi ewes were used in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The treatments contained 1) no flaxseed + 20% RUP (no flaxseed, low RUP [NFLR]); 2) no flaxseed + 40% RUP (no flaxseed, high RUP [NFHR]); 3) 10% whole flaxseed + 20% RUP (whole flaxseed, low RUP [WFLR]); 4) 10% whole flaxseed + 40% RUP (whole flaxseed, high RUP [WFHR]); 5) 10% extruded flaxseed + 20% RUP (extruded flaxseed, low RUP [EFLR]), and 6) 10% extruded flaxseed + 40% RUP (extruded flaxseed, high RUP [EFHR]). Ewes fed 10% extruded flaxseed exhibited higher (p < 0.001) dry matter intake (DMI) and colostrum yield (p < 0.1) compared to other treatments. Two types of flaxseed and RUP levels had no significant effect on milk yield, but milk fat and protein contents decreased and increased in diets containing 40% RUP, respectively. Ewes fed extruded flaxseed produced milk with lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and higher α-linolenic and linoleic acids and also polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to other groups (p < 0.05). During post-lambing, the ewes fed diets containing flaxseed exhibited higher concentration of serum non-esterified FAs (NEFA) compared to diets without flaxseed (p < 0.01). The concentration of serum β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) decreased in the diets containing flaxseed types at pre-lambing, but increased in diets containing extruded flaxseed at post-lambing (p < 0.01). The serum glucose concentration of ewes (pre and post-lambing) which consumed diets containing extruded flaxseed or 40% RUP increased, but blood urea concentration was elevated following supplementation of diet with whole flaxseed or 40% RUP (p < 0.001). In conclusion, utilization of 10% extruded flaxseed in the diets of transition ewes had positive effects on animal performance with favorable changes in milk FAs profile. However, there is no considerable advantage to supply more than 20% RUP level in the diet of transition dairy sheep.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.705-712
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• 2008

본 실험은 Holstein 경산우(평균체중 572kg) 16두를 공시하여 고온 환경 조건에서 1일 배합사료 건물 9.1kg와 옥수수 사일리지 건물 10.2kg를 급여하면서 1) 대조구, 2) 중조(Sodium bicarbonate, 234g/d), 3) niacin(30g/d), 4) vitamin A+E(140,000IU+1000IU) 보충급여가 사료섭취량, 산유량, 유조성분 그리고 체세포수 변화에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 우사 내 1일 최고온도는 처리 전 3일간 평균 35℃이었으나 처리 후 15일간 조금씩 낮아졌고 실험 마지막 3일간은 평균 27℃이였다. 중조 첨가구의 옥수수 사일리지 건물섭취량 증가는 대조구는 물론 niacin과 vitamin A+E 처리보다 유의성(p<0.05) 있게 높았다. 고온 스트레스에 의한 유량 감소는 대조구를 포함한 모든 처리구에서 확인되었지만, niacin과 vitamin A+E구의 산유량은 처리 3일 후 회복되기 시작하여 처리 전 수준까지 유량이 증가하였고, 대조구 및 중조구와 유의적인 차이(p<0.0001)를 보였다. 유지방 함량(%)은 중조, niacin 그리고 vitamin A+E 처리에 의해 증가하는 경향(p=0.09)을 보였고, 유당함량은 중조, niacin 그리고 vitamin A+E 처리에 의해 효과적으로 회복(p<0.001)되는 것으로 나타났다. 유단백 함량은 niacin 처리에서만 유의성 있는 효과(p<0.05)가 확인되었고, 체세포수에서는 vitamin A+E에서만 유의성 있는 효과(p<0.001)가 확인되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 고온 스트레스 조건에서 산유량과 유조성분의 회복 그리고 체세포수 감소 효과를 위해서 중조, niacin, 비타민 A와 E를 본 실험수준으로 보충급여할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1295-1306
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 정상으로 출생한 영아를 대상으로 DHA가 첨가된 분유 및 이유식을 섭취시켰을 때 영아의 신체발육 및 두뇌 발달에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 영아의 체중, 신장, 체위 , 두위 등 신체 발육은 소 아발육 기준치의 50th percentile에 해당하였으며. 모두 정상범위에 속하였다. 2) 혈중 총 지방질 농도는 470.4~542.9mg/dl,중성 지방은 107.0c-128.8mg/dl,총콜레스테롤 147.6-169.Omg/dl, LDL-콜레스테롤은 74.7~104.9mg/dl로 모 두 정상범위에서 군간의 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 3) 영아의 혈중 지방산 수준을 살펴본 결과 식이 섭취 에 따른 군간의 DHA수준의 차이가 있었다. 적혈구내의 D DHA는 Breast十DHA(+) 군에서 5.26%. DHA(+ 군에서 4.20%, Breast +DHA( -) 군에서 3.98%. 그리고 DHA(-) 군에서 2.85%로 섭취에 따라유의적인 차이를 보였다. AA는 7.1O~8.93의 수준으로 군간의 차이는 없었으며. 총 n-3계 지방산은 5.82~7.75%. 총 n-6계 지방산은 27.62~30.29%의 수준으로 역시 군간에 차이가 없었다. 4) 영아의 두뇌 발달 생태를 flash VEP 검사를 통하여 실시한 결과 모든 군간의 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 전기자극에 대해 가장 빨리 반응하는 시간을 나타내는 잠복기 $N_1$ 와 경우, 오른쪽 눈이 82.8~89.8ms, 왼쪽 눈이 84.8~94.4ms의 수준을 나타냈으며, 자극에 반응하는 증폭 $N_1-P_2$의 경우는 오른쪽 눈은 $-11.5~-18.3\mu\textrm{V}$, 왼쪽눈은 $-11.2~-19.1\mu\textrm{V}$, 의 수준을 나타냈다. 5) 생후 48주에 영아와 지능발달과 행동발달을 살펴 본 결과 지능 발달지수는 90.3~96.3로 정상수치라고 할 수 있는 $100\pm16$ 범위에 속하였다. 행동발달지수의 경우에도 93.9~101 수준으로 지능발달지수와 마찬가지로 정상범위에 속하였고 군간의 유의적인 차이를 관찰할 수 없었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.788-793
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• 2004

함초 추출물 분말을 0%∼0.4% (w/v) 농도별로 skim milk에 첨가하여 혼합균주인 larfotacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophillus 및 Bifidobacterium lougum를 전배양 한 starter를 접종하여 37$^{\circ}C$에서 6시간까지 발효시키면서 배양시간에 따른 pH, 적정산도, 점도, 유산균 수 측정 및 관능검사를 실시하였다. 함초 분말 0.1% 첨가구에서 6시간 배양 후 가장 많은 유산균수(9.23 log CFU/ml)를 나타내었고, 가장 높은 산 생성 능력(pH 4.23, 적정산도 0.64%)을 보였다. 발효유의 점도 측정에서도 함초 분말 0.1% 첨가구에서 1,365 cps로 가장 높게 나왔다. 함초 분말 첨가 발효유의 선호도 조사에서는 0.1% 첨가구에서 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 6$^{\circ}C$ 12일간발효유 저장 기간 중 저장기간 경과와 함께 pH 및 생균수는 약간씩 낮아지는 경향을 보였고, 산도는 약간씩 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이상과 같이 함초 추출물 분말 첨가 발효유 제조에서 기호성과 품질 특성을 고려해 볼 때 0.1% 첨가가 가장 이상적인 것으로 사료되어진다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.500-506
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted with twenty crossbred male calves (7-15 days old) divided into 4 different experimental groups on the basis of body weights to study the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the serum ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration and immune response of the calves. All the calves were fed on milk and calf starter up to 13 weeks and afterwards, they were fed on concentrate mixture and oat hay up to 32 weeks of age. In addition, the calves in groups I, II, III and IV were supplemented with 0, 125, 250 and 500 IU feed grade DL-${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0 day and subsequently at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 months of age to monitor the serum ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration in crossbred calves. After 24 weeks of experimental feeding, 4 animals from each group were intramuscularly inoculated with single dose (3 ml) of Haemorrhagic septiceaemia (Pasteurella multocida P52 strain) oil adjuvant vaccine. The cumulative group mean serum ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration (${\mu}g/100ml$) was 88.12, 210.11, 235.21 and 294.02 in-groups I, II, III and IV, respectively and differed significantly (p<0.001) among the four groups. Lymphocyte stimulation indices (LSI) did not differ among the groups significantly. The pooled mean ELISA antibody titer against Pasteurella multocida (P52 strain) was 788.02, 926.85, 1,214.00 and 1,109.51 for group I, II, III and IV, respectively, which indicated higher antibody titer in groups supplemented with vitamin E as compared to the control group. It may be concluded that vitamin E supplementation increased the ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration in serum and dietary supplementation of vitamin E at higher level has a humoral immune enhancing effect against killed bacterial antigen.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.233-239
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of lactic acid bacterias (LAB; S. thermophilus, L. acidophilus) aluminum accumulation and function kidney in rats treated with 250 g/g aluminum sulfate for 4 weeks. Fifty male Sprague Dawley strains were divided into five groups according to the types of supplement. the control, S. thermophilus culture group(A), autoclaved S. thermophilus culture(B), L. acidophilus culture group(C) and autoclaved L. acidophilus(D). The weight gain was increased by supplementation of S. thermophilus culture(A), autoclaved S. thermophilus culture(B), L. acidophilus culture(C), autoclaved L. acidophilus culture(D), especially by supplementation of S. thermophilus cultured(A) as compared to control group. The amount of water intake was increased in control group as compared to the LAB supplemented group. The content of aluminum were decreased 19.57%, 31.25%, 37.10%, and 32.40% in kidney after supplementation of non autoclaved culture group (A,C), and autoclaved group(B,D) respectively, as compared to control group. Water balance, urine volume, and excretion of sodium and potassium decreased in LAB supplemented group and control group. Excretion of creatinine increased in control group and tendency to increased in LAB supplemented group. In conclusion, the effect of suppression of aluminum accumulation was more effective in sup plementation of S. thermophilus culture(A), and L. acidophilus culture(C) than autoclaved S. thermo philus culture(B), and L. acidophilus culture(D).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

This study was designed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of reductive acetogens isolated from ruminants on methane mitigation, and milk performance, respectively. Four acetogens, Proteiniphilum acetatigenes DA02, P. acetatigenes GA01, Alkaliphilus crotonatoxidans GA02, and P. acetatigenes GA03 strains were isolated from ruminants and used in in vitro experiment. A control (without acetogen) and a positive group (with Eubacterium limosum ATCC 8486) were also included in in vitro experiment. Based on higher acetate as well as lower methane producing ability in in vitro trial, P. acetatigenes GA03 was used as inoculum for in vivo experiment. Holstein dairy cows (n = 14) were divided into two groups viz. control (without) and GA03 group (diet supplied with P. acetatigenes GA03 at a feed rate of 1% supplementation). Milk performance and blood parameters were checked for both groups. In in vitro, the total volatile fatty acids and acetate production were higher (p < 0.05) in all 4 isolated acetogens than the control and positive treatment. Also, all acetogens significantly lowered (p < 0.05) methane production in comparison to positive and control groups however, GA03 had the lowest (p < 0.05) methane production among 4 isolates. In in vivo, the rate of milk yield reduction was higher (p < 0.05) in the control than GA03 treated group (5.07 vs 2.4 kg). Similarly, the decrease in milk fat was also higher in control (0.14% vs 0.09%) than treatment. The somatic cell counts (SCC; ×10³/mL) was decreased from 128.43 to 107.00 in acetogen treated group however, increased in control from 138.14 to 395.71. In addition, GA03 increased blood glucose and decreased non-esterified fatty acids. Our results suggest that the isolated acetogens have the potential for in vitro methane reduction and P. acetatigenes GA03 strain could be a candidate probiotic strain for improving milk yield and milk fat in lactating cows with lowering SCCs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.306-314
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• 2003

Bio-hydrogenation of $C_{18}$-unsaturated fatty acids released from the hydrolysis of dietary lipids in the rumen, in general, occurs rapidly but the range of hydrogenation is quite large, depending on the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids, the configuration of unsaturated fatty acids, microbial type and the experimental condition. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is incompletely hydrogenated products by rumen microorganisms in ruminant animals. It has been shown to have numerous potential benefits for human health and the richest dietary sources of CLA are bovine milk and milk products. The cis-9, trans-11 is the predominant CLA isomer in bovine products and other isomers can be formed with double bonds in positions 8/10, 10/12, or 11/13. The term CLA refers to this whole group of 18 carbon conjugated fatty acids. Alpha-linolenic acid goes through a similar bio-hydrogenation process producing trans-11 $C_{18:1}$ and $C_{18:0}$, but may not appear to produce CLA as an intermediate. Although the CLA has been mostly derived from the dietary $C_{18:2}$ alternative pathway may be existed due to the extreme microbial diversity in the reticulo-rumen. Regardless of the origin of CLA, manipulation of the bio-hydrogenation process remains the key to increasing CLA in milk and beef by dietary means, by increasing rumen production of CLA. Although the effect of oil supplementation on changes in fatty acid composition in milk seems to be clear its effect on beef is still controversial. Thus further studies are required to enrich the CLA in beef under various dietary and feeding conditions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권12호
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• pp.42.1-42.8
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• 2016

Background: Deficiency of macro and micro-minerals in the ration of dairy cows adversely affects growth, milk production and reproduction efficiency. It is essential to examine mineral concentrations in feeds offered to dairy cows in practical farms. Methods: Two villages from each taluka were selected at random for taking representative samples of feeds, forages and hair. Within the village, help was sought from village milk producers and district animal husbandry officer for identification of 4 to 5 farmers and collection of representative samples. All the samples were processed and analyzed for chemical composition as well as major macro and micro-minerals, using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer. Results: Ca content in wheat straw (0.29%), crushed maize (0.02%) and wheat bran (0.12%) was found to be below the critical level (0.30%). The P content in concentrate ingredients was high (0.26-0.96%), but low in dry roughages (0.06-0.12%). Cereal straws (0.14%) and grains (0.12%) were deficient in Mg. Feeds and forages were found to be adequate in K (1.50%). Cereals straws were found to be deficient in S (0.11%). Greens were good source of Cu (12.02 ppm). Wheat straw was found to be low in Zn (18 ppm), but high in Mn (225 ppm) and Fe (509 ppm). Local grasses and azolla green were found to be rich source of Co (>1.00 ppm). Se (0.63 ppm) was present in appreciable quantities in most of the feedstuffs. Conclusions: From the present study, it was apparent that the feeds and forages available in the state of Jharkhand may not meet the requirements for Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn and Co in order to sustain a milk production of ~10 kg/day. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement these deficient minerals through area specific mineral mixture in the ration of dairy cows for improving productivity and reproduction efficiency.