• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.264-274
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• 2016

It is a trend that carbonated drink intake among adolescents is increasing, which makes young people more vulnerable to dental erosion. However, in Korea, public knowledge about dental erosion is very insufficient. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental erosion and to assess its risk indicators among 13-15 years old students in Yangsan, Korea. A total of 1,371 adolescents were examined by one calibrated clinician. Dental erosion was assessed by using the Visual Erosion Dental Examination system. Correlation between their dietary habit, oral hygiene and dental erosion was assessed. The data showed that 676 (49.3%) adolescents had dental erosion. The prevalence of dental erosion was significantly higher in females than in males. The prevalence of tooth erosion in mandible is higher than in maxilla. Dental erosion was generalized to develop mostly on anterior teeth, especially lateral incisor, however, the severity score was highest in canines. Following questionnaire analysis, dental erosion was significantly associated with milk and flavored milk. No other associations were detected. The prevalence of dental erosion in this study is higher than those of previous reports. On the contrary to previously reported studies, the prevalence of dental erosion in females is higher than in males.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.513-524
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• 2010

This study was designed to examine nutrition label use, self-efficacy, snacking and eating behaviors of middle school students, and to investigate if these characteristics were different by nutrition label use. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to 348 middle school students in Kyunggi, Korea. About a third of subjects read nutrition labels when they purchased snacks/packaged foods. Most nutrition label users were interested in reading information on calories, fat and trans-fat. Self-efficacy of eating/selecting snacks or general nutrition behavior was moderate (mean score: 44.4 out of 60), with significantly higher score in nutrition label users compared to nonusers (p < 0.001). Nutrition label users felt more confident in 9 items out of 15 items of self-efficacy, such as "taking fruits instead of cookies/candy for snack" (p < 0.001), "choosing milk instead of soft drink" (p < 0.01), "not having snacks after dinner" and "avoiding processed foods for snacks" (p < 0.05). Subjects had snacks 1.3 times a day, and nutrition label nonusers consumed snacks more frequently than the counterparts (p < 0.01). About 55% of nutrition label users and 64.7% of nonusers mainly purchased snacks for themselves (p < 0.05). Commonly purchased snacks by adolescents were ice cream, cookies/chips, breads and ramen. Major considerations in purchasing snacks were taste (46.9%) and price (34.6%). In selecting snacks, the influence of friends and parents was greater than the other sources. Based on eating frequency of snacks, nutrition label users were more likely to consume healthy snacks, such as fruit juices, vegetables, milk, yogurt, and potato/sweet potato than nonusers (p < 0.05). Eating behaviors measured by 15 items scored 33.6 out of 45. Nutrition label users showed better eating behaviors, such as "eating meals slowly", "eating foods cooked with plant oil", and "eating out less frequently" (p < 0.05). Study results showed that majority of adolescents did not read nutrition labels, selected snacks for themselves and had somewhat unhealthy foods for snacks. This study also showed the differences in self-efficacy, snacking and eating behaviors between nutrition label users and nonusers. In nutrition education, it is necessary to stress the importance and skills for reading nutrition labels. It is also needed to help adolescents to select healthy snacks and have desirable eating behaviors, as well as increasing self-efficacy.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the relative influence of food intake and menopause on the body composition and bone quality index of women in Wonju who were voluntary participants in a community nutrition program. The status of food intake was examined using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A bioelectrical impedance analysis tool (Inbody 2.0) and SONOST 2000 were used for estimating body composition including criteria such as TWB (Total body water), SLM (Soft lean mass), LBM (Lean body mass), PBF (% body fat) and WHR (Waist hip ratio), and BQI (Bone quality index). 82% of the subjects were over the age of 40. The percentage of overweight subjects was 64.3% overall, and higher in the advanced age group while underweight was prevalent in younger subjects. Although only 8.6% of the total subjects skipped breakfast, this habit was more prevalent in subjects in their twenties and the underweight group. Variables, such as age, menstruation status, and breakfast eating habits were significant factors considered in relation to food intake from 7 food groups. Generally, older aged women ate more vegetables while the younger group consumed more simple sugars and lipids. The subjects who were underweight or skipped breakfast tended to drink higher amounts of soft drinks. With increasing age, BMI, PBF and WHR increased also, and TWB, SLM, LBM, and BQI decreased. According to correlation analysis, WHR has a positive correlation with PBF. BQI correlated with SLM and LBM positively, and with PBF and WHR negatively. Over 93.3% of the subjects over the age of 30 were assessed as having abdominal obesity. It was revealed that body composition was affected not only by age, obesity degree and menstruation status but by various food intake habits. Body composition including WHR and BQI had put many of the subjects' health in danger of metabolic disorders. Therefore, it is important to emphasize keeping in place some helpful habits such as eating regularly, having a proper diet which includes many vegetables, and continued milk intake even after menopause to insure women's good health.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.527-541
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate food preferences and dietary habits of university students in Kyungbuk province. We assessed anthropometric measurements, food preferences, and dietary habits of seventy nine male and sixty nine female students at K university. The results of this study were analyzed with $\chi$$^2$, t, and ANOVA test using SPSS package program. The percentages of students who were underweight, normal and overweight by body mass index (BMI) were 18.0, 22.1, and 27.7 for males, and 17.8, 21.7, and 28.7 for females, respectively. Preferences for noodles with bean sauce, bread (castella, red-bean bread), beef, pork, chicken, ham, garlic, milk soy bean milt carbonated drink ionic beverages, bun (fried, steamed), croquette, soju(alcohol) and tobacco were higher in males than females, but preferences for tangle, strawberry and orange were lower in males than females. Males did not skip meals compared to females, and ate more meat fat than females. Males exercised more frequently and longer than females. Eighty six point eight percent of females and 69.7% of males were dissatisfied with their weights, and females attempted the weight control more than males. Preferences for bibimbab(boiled rice with assorted mixtures), ionic beverages, and beer were shown higher in overweight males than in normal ones and preference for red fish, hamburger, and chocolate were higher in underweight females than overweight ones. Overweight females skipped meals more and ate more meat fats than normal weight ones. Normal weight males and underweight females were satisfied with their weight. The results of this study suggest that university students need more nutritional education, and modification of dietary habits based on food preference to prevent and treat obesity and to maintain their health.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate alcohol consumption and dietary behavior of college students in the Chungbuk area. Alcohol consumption, dietary behavior, food preferences, food intake frequency and one-day dietary records were surveyed using questionnaires given to 387 college students. The mean heights and weights of subjects were $175.0{\pm}5.6cm\;and\;69.1{\pm}9.3kg$ in males, and $162.5{\pm}4.8cm\;and\;52.3{\pm}7.9kg$ in females. About 89% of subjects (male 90.6%, female 87.3%) consumed alcohol, and most of them had experienced their first drink due to peer pressure in high school. Usually the subjects were drinking with their friends 1-2 times/week and the amount of alcohol consumed was one or more bottles of Soju. More than 69% of the subjects had tried to quit drinking but more efficient campaigns promoting non-drinking behavior are still necessary since the recognition of the hazards of alcohol seemed not enough to convince college students to stop. The dietary behavior of college students was generally inadequate showing indifference to dietary balance, irregularity of meals, and skipping breakfast. It was more inadequate in the frequent drinking group. In the drinking group, while the food intake frequency scores for milk & dairy products, and fruits were significantly lower, the scores for fast food, frozen food and instant ramen were significantly higher. The mean DVS and DDS were found to be 12.61 and 3.93, respectively, and there was no significant difference shown by alcohol consumption. The dietary management of college student needs to be improved in many aspects. It is further troubled by alcohol consumption. Therefore, a nutrition education program including information on the hazards of alcohol and responsible drinking should be developed and provided.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.190-201
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• 1998

This study was carried out with 505(243 boys and 262 girls in the Sungnam area) high school students to investigate the effects of eating behavior and anthropometric variables of weight and height on excercise performance. General characteristics about subjects and eating behavior were surveyed by questionnaire, anthropometric data were collected using two methods. The weight and height of subjects in 1996 were measured, but the same data in 1995 were collected from health records of each student. Body fat content of subjects was measured by BIA(Body Impedance Analysis). The grades of exercise performance, which were evaluated by physical education teachers were collected from records of a physical strength test score of each subject. From these, the following result were found. Groups with different eating behaviors such as skipping meals, overeating, food preference for a specific food(milk, carbonated drink etc.) were significantly different in their weight and height and body fat contents. The growth rate of height in first and second grade boys was significantly higher than that for grade boys. The amount of weight gain from second grade to third grade was significantly more than that of other grades both for boys and girls. The mean of BMI was $21.66\pm{2.95}$ in boy, $21.50\pm{2.62}$ in girls. The percentage of body fat was $24.91\pm{6.55%}$ in boy $34.73\pm{4.88%}$ in girls. Amounts of body fat were significantly increased in third grade. The group with higher fat content and the higher BMI group had lower values of physical strength. And the ability to exercises perform decreased significantly by promotion of grade. The other variables such as degree of concern about weight control and preference of exercise, and frequencies of exercise per week were significant factors in body fat content and physical strength. As a countermeasure for these problems, nutrition and health education must be developed for adolescents and a practical, proper physical activity guidance campaign for them is necessary.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.477-492
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• 2000

The purposes of this study were 1) to identify incidence, severity and duration of morning sickness; 2) to explore the diet relieving nausea; and 3) the demographic factors related to morning sickness. The data were collected on 281 pregnant women by the questionnaire comprized of demographic variables, obstetric characteristics, and pattern of morning sickness from 6 weeks gestational period to 30 weeks, who visited prenatal clinic of three general hospitals and a public health center in Seoul. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and $x^2$ test, using the program of SPSS/WIN 8.0. The results were as follows; 1. Incidence of morning sickness comprised of 72.3% pregnant women. Occurrence of morning sickness was gestational mean of 5.93 weeks, and morning sickness ceased after gestational mean of 14.62 weeks. 2. Of those women who experienced morning sickness 27.9% had morning sickness in the morning and 19.7% in the afternoon, and 45.3% had morning sickness for 1 hour in duration and 19.2% throughout the entire day. 3. Of those pregnant women 51.2% had moderate discomfort and 33.5% had severe discomfort in morning sickness. The situations that triggered morning sickness were 'hunger' for 32.9%, 'smell' for 30.3%, and 'cooking' for 23.3%. 4. The affects of morning sickness to lifestyle were 'moderate change' for 39.9%, 'mild change' for 33.5%, and 'much change' for 23.6%. 5. To remedy morning sickness 34.6% of pregnant women tried to eat fruits, and 14.8% tried to drink carbonated beverage. The effective foods relieving morning sickness were fruits for 38.4%, carbonated beverage for 15.6% and dry carbohydrate for 12.0% of pregnant women. The ineffective foods relieving it were milk for 31.0% and dry carbohydrate for 23.7% of pregnant women. 6. The level of relieving of morning sickness by diet were 'mild' for 55.7%, 'no change' for 21.7%, and 'moderate' for 17.7% of pregnant women. 7. There was a significant association with morning sickness and age, but no significant associations with morning sickness and parity, educational level, occupation, type of marriage, and type of family.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2000

Food service management without nutrition education in school foodservice is hardly to improve nutritional status of school children. Therefore, this study was attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education. The nutrition education was done for 82 5th grade children of 2 elementary school in Inchon. It has been performed for two month from Sep. 6 to Nov. 11, 1999. Also, to evaluate the effects of nutrition education, subjects were taken pretest for food habit, attitude, nutrition knowledge, and dietary intake through the questionnaires. The statistical analysis of data was completed using SPSS program. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The average height and weight for subjects are 141cm and 34.4kg. Most of the subjects had 2 siblings. 83.8% of the subjects has never been taken nutrition education. Otherwise, 85.2% of the subjects responded that they need a nutrition education. 2) For the food habit test results, the posttest mean scores increased. Food habit on vegetables showed significant difference between pretest and posttest(p<0.05). 3) The attitude test did not show the significant difference between pretest and posttest. 4) For the nutrition knowledge test result, the pre and posttest means were 47.59 and 57.12 respectively(p<0.001). 5) The correlations of food habit, attitude, and nutrition knowledge was positive relationship between food habit and attitude in the pre and posttest. 6) Intake frequency of foods increased for the most foods except meat, egg, milk, and drink as compaired pretest with posttest. Cereal, fish, and oil intake was significantly increased. 7) The intakes of most nutrients were increased, among which carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, and vitamin C intakes significantly different after education. The education period of this study was too short to improve their eating behavior and food choice and may need a long-term education and development of materials for nutrition education.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.376-385
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to estimate beverage consumption frequency and determine related problems of elementary school students in Chungnam. The survey was conducted with 488 students(boys=230, girls=258) using a questionnaire. The average age of the students was 10.1 years old, thir average height and weight were 145.1 cm and 39.5 kg, respectively and the obesity index was -1.3%. The frequencies for breakfast, lunch and dinner were 5.8 times/week, 6.7 times/week and 6.4 times/week, respectively. Regarding the frequency of snacks, high response rates for 'once/day'(38.3%) and 'none' (30.5%) were observed. Nutrition label on beverages were identified rarely(39.1%), nearly never(19.7%), and never(12.9%). The choice factors in selecting beverage were taste, nutrition, and price. For the type of snack most often consumed, fruit or juice was 25.8%, snack items were 25.2%, bread was 24.8%, dairy products were 7.6%, beverages were 7.0%, noddles were 6.2%, and rice cakes were 3.5%. The kinds of favorite beverages were carbonated drinks(30.3%), functional drinks (24.4%) and milk and yoghurt(23.8%), and main reason for the choice of beverage was "it tastes good". For the point of time that students wanted to drink a beverage, "when I feel thirsty" appeared most often for dairy products and beverages and the next most frequent answer was "after exercise". Therefore it may be necessary to administer systematic nutritional education on perception on nutrition fact label of beverage. And it is thought that plan for proper beverage consumption in elementary school students may be established.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.256-264
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• 2020

This paper provides basic data for product developers by investigating the consumption status, consumer perception, and consumer demand on products using Aster Yomena. Two hundred ninety-five people over 20 years of age were analyzed according to gender and age. In the purchase of Aster Yomena products, men were the higher purchasers except for powder. In age, noodles, wild vegetables, jangajji, tteok, and powder were consumed by those older than 30 years. In an analysis of purchase when developing Aster Yomena products, the male purchase intention was higher in all items except for kalguksu in the staple, and male purchase intention was higher in only bibimbapseasoning among aster powder addition sauce and all items in dessert. The purchase intention of those older than 30 years was higher in all items of staples, aster powder addition sause and sause The purchase intention of those older than 30 yearse was higher in green vegetables juice and milk tea among drink, and all items except ice cream among dessert. An analysis of the popularization of Aster Yomena revealed higher perceptions of men in the medium (TV, internet, online cafe, agro-fishery market), experience program (area tourism, exposition), and product development (convenience food, recipe development). The medium (agro-fishery market), experience program, and product development were more recognized in their 30s or more. The products with aster yomana require the most effective marketing to men 30 years and older, and require a strategy that will interest those in their 20s.