• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.17 no.2 s.35
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• pp.105-113
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• 1978

The experiments were carried out both at $#160$, Anyang Ri, Anyang, Kyung-gi Do, as a field plot and at college of Agriculture, Seoul National University, Suweon as laboratory plot, in order to unnorive the types of traps for collection of adult pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida) And the conclusions of the experimental results were as follows. (1) The seasonal fluctuation of the adult emergence of the PGM continued from middle pa.1 of the May to late part of the August. And the peak of the adult emergence showed variation in the number of PGM captured, according to the types of traps used, such as May 2g-june 2, by standard Cage, June 3-June7 by Funnel-A t.sp and June 8-June 12 by Suction-Trap. (2) The Percentage of the emergence in the laboratory experimental Plot were $41.06\%$ of Funnel-A traps used. f 3) The Suction-Trap was considered as effective instrument of. collection of adult PGM especially in the seasons of both earlier and later parts of the adult emergence, which is the population density is extremelty low. (4) It is considered that the recommendable instruments were Funnel-A type of trap and suction-Trap according to the experimental results obtained.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.607-618
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• 2012

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), has known as a key pest of blueberries in the southeastern United States, Europe and Canada. It can cause considerable damage to developing flower buds and also injure vegetative growth by distorting and blackening shoot tips on blueberries. In 2010, same damage symptoms were observed on blueberries, Vaccinium spp., in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do. And, D. oxycoccana was identified from the farms and it was designated as a quarantine pest in Korea. The occurrences of D. oxycoccana and its damages were investigated in the blueberry greenhouse in 2011. Nationwide survey revealed that most of the blueberry greenhouses were infected by D. oxycoccana. An environment-friendly management method for D. oxycoccana was developed by changing soil environment in the blueberry greenhouse.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 1977

Resistant and susceptible pine (Pinus thunbergii, Parl) trees to pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis, Uchida et Inouye) were selected and monoterpene composition in one year old branches, shoots and needles of both groups have been analysed by GLC. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Monoterpene composition in either one year old branches or shoots were not affected by their directions (North or South). 2. Major monoterpenes in one year old branches were ${\alpha}-pinene,\;{\beta}-pinene$, myrcene, limonene, ${\beta}-phellandrene$ and terpinolene. 3. In addition to ${\alpha}-pinene$, camphene, ${\beta}-pinene$, myrcene, ${\Delta}^3-carene$, limonene, ${\beta}-phellandrene$ and terpinolene, several less volatile components which appear to be monoterpenes were also present in shoots and needles. 4. Compared with the susceptible pine, the resistant tree was found richer in limonene composition. 5. ${\beta}-Pinene$ composition in the resistant pine was less than that in the susceptible pine. 6. The difference in the composition of limonene or ${\beta}-pinene$ between two groups of pine trees was discussed in relation to the resistance to pine gall midge.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.334-341
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• 1997

Artificial precipitation test with sprinkler system was carried out to develop the collection method of arboreal larvae(proctotrupoid wasps) of pine needle gall midge for biological control in 1995. Effects of larvae falling on each amount of precipitation, season of precipitation and time of precipitation of a day following artificial precipitation were examined during the period of larvae falling season. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Artificial precipitation with sprinkler system was highly effective for collection of pine needle gall midge larvae and the most suitable amount of precipitation was 5.3-9.4mm; application amount and hours of water were $8,000-16.000{\ell}$ and 180-360 minutes, respectively. 2. The most effective period of larvae collection for artificial precipitation was approximately 20 days, from early through mid November, and larvae falling was 93.4% of the total number of larvae collection during this period. 3. Larvae falling from the tree crown was not affected by the artificial precipitation for the precipitation hour intervals in a day. 4. The percentage of parasitism of collected larvae of pine needle gall midge in November exceeded that of December but was not significantly different between two seasons. 5. Artificial precipitation of sprinkler system was effective in reducing 34% of gall formation after one year at collected sites of pine needle gall midge larvae. 6. The collection method of larvae following artificial precipitation was effective in reducing the expenses by 14-50% than that of collection method of infested needles.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.2 s.58
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• pp.98-105
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• 2005

The relative sensitivity of two freshwater non- biting midges, Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette and C. riparius Meigan, was examined for lead, cadmium, and mercury in water- only exposures. Two endpoints were compared to assess toxicity 48 h and 96 h after exposure: Acute toxicity ($50\%$ lethal concentration: $LC_50$) and behavioral toxicity ($50\%$ effective concentration: $EC_{50}$). for the behavioral toxicity, reduction of swimming performance of two midge species in the treated conditions was compared to that in the untreated control. The sensitivities differed depending on the species and heavy metals, although some trends emerged. $LC_50$ values in C. yoshimatsui to cadmium and lead were always higher than those in C. riparius with increasing toxicity, regardless of the exposure times. The opposit was true for the mercury treatment. Similar trends were observed in the $EC_{50}$ values. The $EC_{50}$ values were always lower than the $LC_50$ values in all the treatment cases (midge species, heavy metals, and exposure times). These results indicate that the two midge species respond to the heavy metals differently: C. riparius is sensive to cadmium and lead and C. yoshimatsui to mercury. Behavioral toxicity such as swimming performance can be an effective endpoint for assessing heavy metal toxicity in water.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.17 no.3 s.36
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• pp.155-160
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• 1978

This experiment was carried out to develope a technique for labelling pine gall midge with ·radioactive phosphorus and calcium. This technique evolved would help to obtain basic information on the appropriate concentration of $^{32}P\; and\; ^{45}Ca$ in tagging and determination of adult flight ranges which considered as one of the factors in dissemination. 1. Labelling at the larval stage of pine gall midge by injection of $^{45}Ca$ into pine tree trunk appeared not to be effective for tagging the adults because radioactivity was gradually decreased to background by emergence. 2. The radioactivities of larvae in the galls gradually increased in September but from October 1 the activity was gradually decreased for 10 days then equilibrium was maintained thereafter. The results seem to indicate that larval diet termination occured early October. 3. A maximum level of radiation was detected at 3 weeks after $^{32}P$ injection and thereafter it was gradually reduced. This result implies that $^{32}P$ is not appropriate radioisotope in labelling pine gall midge through trunk injection method. 4. After washing in running water for 10 minutes, the optimum$^{32}P$ concentration for treated overwintered larvae and pupae was found to be 0.5 micro curie per ml. for 30 minutes dipping.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1983

The effects of the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis, on the growth of the Korean red pine, Pinus densiflora, were examined for the natural forest stands at nine locations: Seocheon-gun, Boryong-gun, and Hongseong-gun in Chooncheongnam-do, where consequence of the infestation had been different. To estimate the economic threshold level of the pine needle gall midge, the growth impacts due to the insect were examined with terminal shoot growth, and cambial growth by analyzing the growth horizontally and vertically. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In general, the growth impacts of the red pine trees were significant for the five consecutive years since damage had occurred, and its maximum retardation was shown in the second and the third years. 2) Simultaneous retardation occurred in both terminal and cambial growth of the tree, probably due to cumulative characteristics of the feeding behaviour. 3) Strong correlation was found between terminal and cambial growth of Korean red pine and this was true for the trees infested by pine needle gall midge. Thus retardation in cambial growth due to the insect may be estimated with that in terminal growth. 4) Infestation was greater on slope facing north than south even though the history of the infestation had been similar. 5) The stem volume of 13-year-old, infested Korean red pine was reduced by more than 75-85%, compared to same aged, uninfected pine in yield table. Thus, much longer period is required to recover the normal growth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.632-642
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• 2001

Fauna, especially Carabidae (Coleoptera), on the floor of Pinus densiflora forests was investigated at five plantations and was compared with that in a mixed natural forest of pine and deciduous trees. There was little difference in the ground beetle fauna among the five P. densiflora plantations, and the bio-diversity of soil layer fauna was poor in all the pine plantations. Individual numbers of the beetles belonging to the genus Synuchus with increasing the infestation rate of the pine needle gall-midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis). These beetles seem to be important predators of the gall-midge. Comparing to the mixed forest, the number of higher taxa and the numbers of genera and species of Carabidae were all small in the pine forests. And especially, most flightless species were found only in the mixed forest. Thus, it is concluded that many species of Carabidae which had been lost from the lower mountainous areas of Korea have not recovered yet in the pine forests.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.256-259
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• 2000

D.B.H., height, crown length, crown width, crown form, crown area, and crown volume of dead and live trees were measured and the discriminant analysis was conducted to assess individual tree risk-rating in the pine forest seriously infested by the pine needle gall midge. Thecodiplosis japonensis. Crown length, crown form, crown area, and crown volume of live tree were significantly higher than those of dead tree, while D.B.H. and tree height were not different significantly. These results represent that the trees with higher and wider crown and larger crown volume have relatively higher probability to survive from the infestation by the pine needle gall midge. Variables selected in the functions of discriminant analysis were crown area, ratio of crown length, crown form, ratio of crown volume to crown area, and ratio of crown width.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2009

To recognize the species composition and community of chironomid midge in agroecosystem and evaluate removal capacity of organic matter using the dominant species among them. Chironomid midge and invertebrate cohabitants were quantitatively collected at 78 representative stations of five habitat types (in arable land during 2004$\sim$2006) A, paddy fields of the large scale arable land; B, paddy fields of the environmental friendly arable land; C, influent of domestic waste water; D, influent of waste water by livestock; E, the irrigation ditch of paddy area. The total sixteen species of chironomid midges at arable land were presented. And also chironomid midges were recognized by five habitat types: eleven species in D, eight in A, seven in E, six in B, and two in C. We confirmed dominant species in each habitat types as followings: Chironomus nipponensis in A, C, and D; Cricotopus sylvestris in E; Tanytarsus seosanensis in B. Water quality and community index were high in E, but low in A, B, C, and D. Comparing with non-treatment, removal activities of organic matter in bottom by C. nipponensis were increased 18% in 90 individuals treatment.