• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.119-130
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate hemodynamics of intracranial blood flow for obtain clinically useful reference values and assess cerebral hemodynamics change with aging. 81 normal Korean subjects(age, 14$\thicksim\∼\thicksim$70 years) examined who han no history of neurologic disease and the subjects divided into group A(age, 14$\∼$39 years), group B(age, 40$\∼$59 years) and group C(age, 60$\∼$70 years). Transcranial doppler was use for measured the maximum velocity(Vmax), mean velocity(Vmean), pulsatility index(PI), resistive index(RI), stenosis index(SI) and depth of sample volume. Vmax was 99.1 1cm/s, Vmean was 63.57cm/s, PI was 0.85, RI was 0.56, SI was 31.94 and depth of sample volume was 52.35 in middle cerebral artery. Vmax was 85.54cm/s, Vmean was 52.52cm/s, PI was 0.82, RI was 0.55, SI was 34.48 and depth of sample volume was 73.62 in anterior cerebral artery. Vmax was 75.45cm/s, Vmean was 45.60cm/s, PI was 0.82, RI was 0.58, SI was 36.14 and depth of sample volume was 62.35 in posterior cerebral artery. Vmax was 70.44cm/s, Vmean was 47.07cm/s, PI was 0.87, RI was 0.58, SI was 29.83 and depth of sample volume was 75.23 in basilar artery Vmax was 63.92, Vmean was 42.42, PI was 0.89, RI was 0.58, SI was 29.89 and depth of sample volume was 66.65 in vertebral artery. Vmax and Vmean was significantly decreased with increasing age in middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, basilar artery and vertebral artery And PI and RI was significantly increased with increasing age in basilar artery and vertebral artery. And I suggest that transcranial doppler sonography can be used as one of useful clinical tool for detection of cerebral hemodynamics.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.140-146
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• 2019

Background: This study investigated the effects of Vipera lebetina turanica snake venom (SV) on cerebral infarction induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Methods: Following cerebral infarction, SV was injected intravenously or added to BV2 cell culture. Tissue injury was detected using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, neurological deficit score, NO, ROS, and GSH/GSSG assays, qPCR, Western blot, and cell viability. Results: Cerebral infarction caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion as observed by TTC staining, showed SV inhibited cell death, reducing the number of brain cells injured due to infarction. SV treatment for cerebral infarction showed a significant decrease in abnormal behavior, as determined by the neurological deficit score. The oxidation and inflammation of the cells that had cerebral infarction caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (NO assay, ROS, GSH/GSSG assay, and qPCR), showed significant protection by SV. Western blot of brain infarction cells showed the expression of iNOS, COX-2, p-IkB-${\alpha}$, P38, p-JNK, p-ERK to be lower in the SV group. In addition, the expression of IkB increased. BV2 cells were viable when treated with SV at $20{\mu}g/mL$ or less. Western blot of BV2 cells, treated with 0.625, 1.5, $2.5{\mu}g/mL$ of SV, showed a significant decrease in the expression of p-IkB-${\alpha}$, p-JNK, iNOS, and COX-2 on BV2 cells induced by LPS. Conclusion: SV showed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects against cerebral infarction and inflammation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of Semen Persicae (SP) on infarct volume, COX-2 protein expression in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rats. Methods: Twenty-eight rats were randomly assigned to four groups (MCAo experimental group, MCAo control group, sham experimental group, control group). The middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded in the MCAo group by proximal focal cerebral ischemia rat model, while the MCA was not occluded in the sham group. SP extraction was administrated for 4 days to each experimental group. Neuroprotective effects were investigated by measurement of brain damage using 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and analysis of COX-2 protein expression by western blotting. Results: The occurrence of infarct volume in the SP oral administration group decreased compared to the control group. COX-2 protein expression in the SP oral administration group decreased compared to the control group. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the effect of SP in reducing infarct volume and decreasing COX-2 expression.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.5-17
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• 2011

Objectives : Gliosis becomes physical and mechanical barrier to axonal regeneration. Reactive gliosis induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion is involved with up-regulation of CD81 and GFAP (Glial fibrillary acidic protein). The current study is to examine the effect of the Angelica gigas Nakai(intravenous injection. 100 mg/kg twice in a day) on CD81 and GFAP of the rat in the brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods : Cerebral infarction was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. And after intravenous injection of water extract of Angelica gigas Nakai, the size of cerebral infarction was measured. Examination of optical microscope were also used to detect the expression of CD81 and GFAP in the brain of the rat. Results : The following results were obtained : We found that size of cerebral infarcion induced by MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) in rats were decreased after intravenous injection of Angelica gigas Nakai. We injected the extract of Angelica gigas Nakai to the MCAO in rats, and the optical microscope study showed that Angelica gigas Nakai had effect on protecting the cells of hippocampus. We found that GFAP, CD81 and ERK of the brain in rats with cerebral infarction after MCAO were meaningfully decreased after intravenous injecting Angelica gigas Nakai. We found that c-Fos expression of the brain in rats with cerebral infarction after MCAO were significantly increased after intravenous injecting Angelica gigas Nakai. Conclusions : These results indicate that Angelica gigas Nakai could suppress the reactive gliosis, which disturbs the astrocyte regeneration in the brain of the rat with cerebral infarction after MCAO by controlling the expression of CD81 and GFAP. And the effect may be modulated by the up-regulation of c-Fos and ERK.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.674-684
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• 2009

Objectives : In conditions of brain infarction, irreversible axon damage occurs in the central nerve system (CNS), because gliosis becomes a physical and a mechanical barrier to axonal regeneration. Reactive gliosis induced by ischemic injury such as middle cerebral artery occlusion is involved with up-regulation of GFAP and CD81. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of the Gongjin-dan (GJD) on CD81 and GFAP expression and its pathway in the rat brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods : In order to study ischemic injuries on the brain, infarction was induced by MCAO using insertion of a single nylon thread, through the internal carotid artery, into a middle cerebral artery. Cresyl violet staining, cerebral infarction size measurement, immunohistochemistry and microscopic examination were used to detect the expression of CD81 and GFAP and the effect on the infarct size and pyramidal cell death in the brain of the rat with cerebral infarction induced by MCAO. Also, c-Fos and ERK expression were measured to investigate the signaling pathway after GJD administration in MCAO rats. Results : Measuring the size of cerebral infarction induced by MCAO in the rat after injection of GJD showed the size had decreased. GJD administration showed pyramidal cell death protection in the hippocampus in the MCAO rat. GJD administration decreased GF AP expression in the MCAO rat. GJD administration decreased CD81 expression in the MCAO rat. GJD administration induced up-regulation of c-FOS expression compared with MCAO. GJD administration induced down-regulation of ERK expression compared with MCAO. Conclusion : We observed that GJD could suppress the reactive gliosis, which disturbs the axonal regeneration in the brain of a rat with cerebral infarction after MCAO by controlling the expression of CD81 and GFAP. The effect may be modulated by the regulation of c-Fos and ERK. These results suggest that GJD can be a candidate to regenerate CNS injury.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.263-267
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• 2005

Objective: Middle cerebral artery(MCA) anomalies are found incidentally on conventional cerebral angiography and magnetic resonance angiography(MRA). Our goal is to examine the incidence and types of MCA anomalies. Methods: Cerebral angiography was performed in 448 patients and MRA in 743; the patients had or were suspected to have cerebrovascular disease. The images were retrospectively evaluated for arterial anatomic anomalies. We use Teal's classification for definition of accessory and duplicated MCAs. Results: On cerebral angiography, the following anomalies of the MCA were found in seven patients: fenestration (n = 2, incidence = 0.45%); duplication (n = 2, incidence = 0.45%); accessory MCA (n = 2, incidence = 0.45%); aplasia (n = 1, incidence = 0.22%). On MRA, eight patients had anomalous MCAs : fenestration (n = 1, incidence = 0.14%); duplication (n= 6, incidence = 0.81%); accessory (n = 1, incidence = 0.14%). Conclusion: Although the clinical significance is not great, we find a relatively high incidence of anomalous MCAs. Knowledge and recognition of these MCA anomalies are useful and important in the interpretation of cerebral images and during neurosurgical procedures.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.117-128
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• 2004

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate effect of Samul-tang-gamibang against focal cerebral ischemic damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO). Methods : This research was used rats which were against focal cerebral ischemic damage by MCAO. It was used Zea Longa's theory and Belayev's methods to give rise to focal cerebral ischemic damage by MCAO. After 7days later, we drew out the brain and then had frozen and dyeing it and we had taken a picture to measure of the damaged area in each brain section. We determined the Neurological Index and tested the Foot-fault test and Roatated test to appraise the fall of motion ability result from cerebral ischemic damage. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. Samul-tang-gamibang reduced infarct size of sample group compared to control group at 7 day after MCAO. 2. Samul-tang-gamibang reduced infarct volume of sample group compared to control group at 7 day after MCAO. 3. Samul-tang-gamibang reduced foot-fault index of sample group compared to control group at 5,7 day after MCAO. Conclusions : Samul-tang-gamibang has protective effects against ischemic brain damage and had significant reduced infarct size and infarct volume of Rt-MCAO.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.259-262
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• 2010

Large to giant middle cerebral artery aneurysm is a challenging disease, especially when incorporating important perforating arteries. Surgical risk increases by perforator infarction and anatomical complexity. In this clinical setting, extensive consideration of surgical options is needed. The two cases described here were unruptured and had rather stable wall. Because of their large and giant size, hardness and incorporated arteries, it was not affordable to isolate them by means of clipping or trapping. The procedure as the alternative to conventional treatment modalities, extracranial-intracranial bypass followed by clipping of only the efferent artery successfully treated the aneurysms.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1592-1599
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• 2000

Objective : Multiple cerebral aneurysms reportedly account for 14-33% of all cerebral aneurysms. However, multiple separate aneurysms on single parent artery are uncommon. The majority of these are found on middle cerebral artery(MCA). Multiple aneurysms arising from anterior communicating artery(ACoA) are rare. We report 5 cases of multiple aneurysms developed separately on single artery and describe angiographic and operative findings of these lesions. Materials and Methods : Among 127 patients of cerebral aneurysms operated in our hospital, only 5 had multiple aneurysms on single parent artery. Results : Among 5 cases, 4 were diagnosed preoperatively and the only one was found intraoperatively. Two were found on MCA bifurcation, one on M2 and two on ACoA. All separate aneurysms developed on single parent artery were treated successfully with multiple clipping. Conclusion : Multiple cerebral aneurysms, developed separately on single parent artery, are uncommon. Furthermore, those arising from ACoA are very rare. Despite the advanced technology in radiological examinations, multiple cerebral aneurysms may not be detected on preoperative study only. Close proximity or smaller size of the lesion may be responsible for the preoperative false negative angiographic findings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.493-500
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• 2017

In this study, data analysis has been conducted by INFINITT program to analyze the effect of signal to noise ratio(SNR) and contrast to noise ratio(CNR) of flow related enhancement(FRE) and computed tomography Angiography(CTA) on cerebrovascular diseases for qualitative evaluations. Based on the cerebrovascular image results achieved from 63 patients (January to April, 2017, at C University Hospital), we have selected 19 patients that performed both FRE-MRA and CTA. From the 19 patients, 2 were excluded due to artifacts from movements in the cerebrovascular image results. For the analysis conditions, we have set the 5 part (anterior cerebral artery, right and left Middle cerebral artery, right and left Posterior cerebral artery) as the interest area to evaluate the SNR and CNR, and the results were validated through Independence t Test. As a result, by averaging the SNR, and CNR values, the corresponding FRE-MRA achieved were: anterior cerebral artery ($1500.73{\pm}12.23/970.43{\pm}14.55$), right middle cerebral artery ($1470.16{\pm}11.46/919.44{\pm}13.29$), left middle cerebral artery ($1457.48{\pm}17.11/903.96{\pm}14.53$), right posterior cerebral artery ($1385.83{\pm}16.52/852.11{\pm}14.58$), left posterior cerebral artery ($1318.52{\pm}13.49/756.21{\pm}10.88$). by averaging the SNR, and CNR values, the corresponding CTA achieved were: anterior cerebral artery ($159.95{\pm}12.23/123.36{\pm}11.78$), right middle cerebral artery ($236.66{\pm}17.52/202.37{\pm}15.20$), left middle cerebral artery ($224.85{\pm}13.45/193.14{\pm}11.88$), right posterior cerebral artery ($183.65{\pm}13.47/151.44{\pm}11.48$), left posterior cerebral artery ($177.7{\pm}16.72/144.71{\pm}11.43$) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MRA had high SNR and CNR value regardless of the cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage observed in the 5 part of the brain. Although FRE-MRA consumed longer time, it proved to have less side effect of contrast media when compared to the CTA.