• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.759-769
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• 2021

Objective: To evaluate the application of laplacian-regularized mean apparent propagator (MAPL)-MRI to brain glioma-induced corticospinal tract (CST) injury. Materials and Methods: This study included 20 patients with glioma adjacent to the CST pathway who had undergone structural and diffusion MRI. The entire CSTs of the affected and healthy sides were reconstructed, and the peritumoral CSTs were manually segmented. The morphological characteristics of the CST (track number, average length, volume, displacement of the affected CST) were examined and the diffusion parameter values, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), mean squared displacement (MSD), q-space inverse variance (QIV), return-to-origin probability (RTOP), return-to-axis probabilities (RTAP), and return-to-plane probabilities (RTPP) along the entire and peritumoral CSTs, were calculated. The entire and peritumoral CST characteristics of the affected and healthy sides as well as those relative CST characteristics of the patients with motor weakness and normal motor function were compared. Results: The track number, volume, MD, RD, MSD, QIV, RTAP, RTOP, and RTPP of the entire and peritumoral CSTs changed significantly for the affected side, whereas the AD and FA changed significantly only in the peritumoral CST (p < 0.05). In patients with motor weakness, the relative MSD of the entire CST, QIV of the entire and peritumoral CSTs, and the AD, MD, RD of the peritumoral CST were significantly higher, whereas the RTPP of the entire and peritumoral CSTs and the RTOP of the peritumoral CST were significantly lower than those in patients with normal motor function (p < 0.05 for all). In contrast, no significant changes were found in the CST morphological characteristics, FA, or RTAP (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusion: MAPL-MRI is an effective approach for evaluating microstructural changes after CST injury. Its sensitivity may improve when using the peritumoral CST features.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 대표적인 해양 폐기물인 패각을 자원화하여 건설재료에 활용하고, 재료의 특성에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 꼬막, 굴 등 국내에서 많이 발생하는 패각을 세척 및 전처리하여 잔골재 대체재로서 활용하였으며, 패각의 대체율 및 세척 여부 등의 조건에 따라 시멘트 모르타르 시편을 제작하였다. 서로 다른 조건하에 타설된 모르타르 시편의 압축강도를 평가하고, XRD, SEM, micro-CT 등의 미세구조 분석 방법들을 활용하여 각 시편의 고체 및 공극 구조를 분석하였다. 결과를 통해, 굴과 꼬막 패각이 서로 다른 탄산칼슘의 동질이상으로 구성되어 있는 것을 확인하였으며, 각각의 미세구조 특성에 의해 잔골재 대체재로 활용 시, 모르타르의 역학적 물성 차이에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.303-316
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• 2023

Using industrial wastes and construction and demolition (C&D) wastes is potentially advantageous for concrete production in terms of sustainability improvement. In this paper, a sustainable Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) made with industrial wastes and C&D wastes was proposed by considerably replacing natural counterparts with recycled coarse aggregates (RCAs) and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) (i.e., Fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and silica fume (SF)). A total of 12 SCC mixes with various RCAs and different combination SCMs were prepared, which comprise binary, ternary and quaternary mixes. The mechanical properties in terms of compressive strength and static elasticity modulus of recycled aggregates (RA-SCC) mixes were determined and analyzed. Microstructural study was implemented to analyze the reason of improvement on mechanical properties. By means of life cycle assessment (LCA) method, the environmental impacts of RA-SCC with various RCAs and SCMs were quantified, analyzed and compared in the system boundary of "cradle-to-gate". In addition, the comparison of LCA results with respect to mechanical properties was conducted. The results demonstrate that the addition of proposed combination SCMs leads to significant improvement in mechanical properties of quaternary RA-SCC mixes with FA, GGBS and SF. Furthermore, quaternary RA-SCC mixes emit lowest environmental burdens without compromising mechanical properties. Thus, using the combination of FA, GGBS and SF as cement substitution to manufacture RA-SCC significantly improves the sustainability of SCC by minimizing the depletion of cement and non-renewable natural resources.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.289-301
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• 2024

In this work, an analytical model employing a new higher-order shear deformation beam theory is utilized to investigate the bending behavior of axially randomly oriented functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite nanobeams. A modified continuum nonlocal strain gradient theory is employed to incorporate both microstructural effects and geometric nano-scale length scales. The extended rule of mixture, along with molecular dynamics simulations, is used to assess the equivalent mechanical properties of functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) beams. Carbon nanotube reinforcements are randomly distributed axially along the length of the beam. The equilibrium equations, accompanied by nonclassical boundary conditions, are formulated, and Navier's procedure is used to solve the resulting differential equation, yielding the response of the nanobeam under various mechanical loadings, including uniform, linear, and sinusoidal loads. Numerical analysis is conducted to examine the influence of inhomogeneity parameters, geometric parameters, types of loading, as well as nonlocal and length scale parameters on the deflections and stresses of axially functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (AFG CNTRC) nanobeams. The results indicate that, in contrast to the nonlocal parameter, the beam stiffness is increased by both the CNTs volume fraction and the length-scale parameter. The presented model is applicable for designing and analyzing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) constructed from carbon nanotubes reinforced composite nanobeams.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.399-407
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• 2024

This study nondestructively examined the evolution of crack density in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) upon cyclic loading. Uniaxial compression was repeatedly applied to the cylindrical specimens at levels corresponding to 32% and 53% of the maximum load-bearing capacity, each at a steady strain rate. At each stage, both P-wave and S-wave velocities were measured in the absence of the applied load. In particular, the continuous monitoring of P-wave velocity from the first loading prior to the second loading allowed real-time observation of the strengthening effect during loading and the recovery effect afterwards. Increasing the number of cycles resulted in the reduction of both elastic wave velocities and Young's modulus, along with a slight rise in Poisson's ratio in both tested cases. The computed crack density showed a monotonically increasing trend with repeated loading, more significant at 53% than at 32% loading. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the crack density along the height was achieved, validating the directional dependency of microcracking development. This study demonstrated the capability of the crack density to capture the evolution of microcracks in UHPC under cyclic loading condition, as an early-stage damage indicator.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.170-174
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• 2024

In this study, we report the microstructural evolution and shear strength of an Sn-Sb alloy, used for die attach process as a solder layer of backside metal (BSM). The Sb content in the binary system was less than 1 at%. A chip with the Sn-Sb BSM was attached to a Ag plated Cu lead frame. The microstructure evolution was investigated after die bonding at 330 ℃, die bonding and isothermal heat treatment at 330 ℃ for 5 min and wire bonding at 260 ℃, respectively. At the interface between the chip and lead frame, Ni₃Sn₄ and Ag₃Sn intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layers and pure Sn regions were confirmed after die bonding. When the isothermal heat treatment is conducted, pure Sn regions disappear at the interface because the Sn is consumed to form Ni₃Sn₄ and Ag₃Sn IMCs. After the wire bonding process, the interface is composed of Ni₃Sn₄, Ag₃Sn and (Ag,Cu)₃Sn IMCs. The Sn-Sb BSM had a high maximum shear strength of 78.2 MPa, which is higher than the required specification of 6.2 MPa. In addition, it showed good wetting flow.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2008

본 연구는 실리카 퓸의 대체율을 4단계(시멘트 중량의 0, 5, 10 및 15%)로 달리하여 제조한 시멘트 모르타르의 황산마그네슘 침식 저항성을 평가하며, 침식에 의한 성능저하 원인을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실리카 퓸 혼합 모르타르를 5% 황산마그네슘 용액에 360일 동안 침지한 후, 재령별 압축강도 및 팽창을 측정하였으며, XRD, SEM 및 DSC와 같은 여러 기기분석법을 활용하여 침식에 의한 시멘트 경화체의 성능저하 원인을 고찰하였다. 실험 결과에 의하면, 실리카 퓸을 혼합한 시멘트 경화체의 황산마그네슘 침식은 주로 gypsum, thaumasite 및 brucite 등의 반응생성물과 깊은 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2008

유해 환경하에 노출된 숏크리트는 시간이 경과함에 따라 각종 유해이온의 침식으로 인하여 열화하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 환경에 노출된 숏크리트의 열화특성을 평가하기 위하여 황산염 및 산에 대한 화학적침식에 대하여 유해이온에 각각 60주 동안 침지한 숏크리트 코어 공시체를 대상으로 외관조사, 압축강도, 부착강도 및 기기분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 용액의 종류에 관계없이 침지재령 60주에서 균열, 박리 등으로 인한 표면손상이 심각한 상태였으며, 압축 및 부착강도는 초기재령에서는 수중양생한 공시체보다 상회하는 결과를 보였으나 장기재령에서는 역전되는 현상을 보여주었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.2584-2594
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• 2024

A novel approach to incorporating oxide formers into ferritic ODS production has been developed using the co-precipitation technique. This method enables the tailored design of complex nano-oxides, integrated during Mechanical Alloying (MA) and precipitated during Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) consolidation. Findings illustrate that co-precipitation effectively produces nano-powders with customised compositions, enriching Y, Ti, and Zr in the ferritic grade to condition subsequent oxide precipitation. While the addition of Y-Ti-Zr-O nano-oxides did not prevent the formation of Y-Al-O and Al-containing nano-oxides, these were refined thanks to the presence of well-dispersed Zr. Additionally, the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) parameters were optimised to tailor the bimodal grain size distribution of the ODS steels, aiming for favourable strength-to-ductility ratios. Comprehensive microstructural analyses were performed using SEM, EDS, EBSD, and TEM techniques, alongside mechanical assessments involving microtensile tests conducted at room temperature and small punch tests carried out at room temperature, 300 ℃, and 500 ℃. The outcomes yielded promising findings, showcasing similar or better performance with conventionally manufactured ODS steels. This reinforces the effectiveness and success of this innovative approach.

• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.907-911
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• 2019

Effects of various friction stir processing (FSP) variables on the microstructural evolution and microhardness of the AZ31 magnesium alloy were investigated. The processing variables include rotational and travelling speed of the tool, kind of second phase (i.e., diamond, Al₂O₃, and ZrO₂) and groove depth (i.e., volume fraction of second phase). Grain size, distribution of second phase particle, grain texture, and microhardness were analyzed as a function of the FSP process variables. The FSPed AZ31 composites fabricated with a high heat input condition showed the better dispersion of particle without macro defect. For all composite specimens, the grain size decreased and the microhardness increased regardless of the grooved depth compared with that of the FSPed AZ31 without strengthening particle, respectively. For the AZ31/diamond composite having a grain size of about 1 ㎛, microhardness (i.e., about 108 Hv) was about two times higher than that of the matrix alloy (i.e., about 52 Hv). The effect of second phase particle on retardation of grain growth and resulting hardness increase was discussed.