• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.126-132
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aims to provide basic data regarding the bacterial total plate count in the atmospheric environment for related studies. Methods: Total plate count and the identification of culturable bacteria in the atmospheric environment in Incheon took place in 2015 using periodic survey. Correlationship analysis was performed between the number of culturable bacteria and environmental elements. In addition, an estimation of novel bacterial species was undertaken using the similarities and phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene. Results: The total plate count of culturable bacteria was on average $176CFU/m^3$, and did not exceed $610CFU/m^3$ in the atmospheric environment. Periodic monthly measuring of total plate count was highest in June at $293CFU/m^3$, while the lowest was in July at $125CFU/m^3$. Furthermore, as a result of the identification of culturable bacteria, the genera Arthrobacter and Kocuria were dominant, while novel bacterial taxa that belong to the genera Chryseobacterium and Herbiconiux were separated. Conclusion: The total number of culturable bacteria from the atmospheric environment in Korea is on average $176CFU/m^3$. In addition, the genera Arthrobacter and Kocuria dominate. The presence of novel bacterial taxa are expected in the atmospheric environment, such as belonging to the genera Chryseobacterium and Herbiconiux.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.126-133
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• 2013

Although para-aramid fibers poss higher mechanical properties, they show very low resistance to sunlight exposure. This paper studied on the effect of nano-sol coated $TiO_2$ to improve the photo-stability of p-aramid fibers. Titanium dioxides were prepared by sol-gel method from titanium iso-propoxide at different R ratio ($H_2O$/titanium iso-propoxide). All samples were characterized by XRD, TEM and UV-vis spectrometer. The mechanical properties of p-aramid fabrics by $TiO_2$ nano-sol coating before and after sunlight irradiation were measured with tensile tester. XRD pattern of titanium dioxide particles was observed by mixing phase together with rutile and anatase type. The results showed, after sunlight irradiation, the decreased mechanical properties of the fiber. Furthermore, the sunlight irradiation obviously deteriorated the surface and defected areas of the fiber severely by photo-induced chain scission and end group oxidation in air.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.438-449
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the levels of and relationships between physical health status, depression and health behaviors and the factors affecting health behavior in the elderly. Method : The subjects of this study were 118 elderly people aged over 60 living in urban and rural areas. The data were collected by interview through questionnaires from December 1. 2003 to January 30, 2004. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. t-test. ANOVA. Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The results of the study are as follows. 1. The mean score of the physical health status was 63.88 out of a total of 78 and the mean score of depression 42.71 out of 80. The mean score of health behaviors was 126 out of 165 and 3.83 point out of 5. In terms of sub-domains of health behaviors, emotional areas showed the highest mean score (3.98). 2. There was a significant positive correlation between health behaviors and the physical health status (r=.491, P<.001), while there was a significant negative correlation between depression and physical health status(r=.626, P<.001), and depression and health behavior(r=.784. P<.001). 3. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health behaviors was psychological health. namely depression. A combination of depression. perceived health status and religion accounted for 65% of the variance in health behaviors of the elderly. Conclusion: From the results of the study, we recommend that the development of a nursing intervention program for the health behaviors including the factors affecting the elderly. It suggests the need to focus more on psychological and spiritual health and the development of nursing interventions for health promotion among older adults.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2013

Purpose: Preterm infants on parenteral nutrition are at a relatively high risk for hypertriglyceridemia because they have immature lipoprotein lipase activity. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical factors affecting lipid metabolism in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition and to evaluate the influence of intravenous heparin on serum triglycerides to determine the adequate heparin dose to prevent hypertriglyceridemia in preterm infants. Methods: A single-center retrospective review was conducted among preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition between January 2006 and February 2011. In 75 patients, 110 determinations were performed within 28 days postnatal age. Demographic and clinical data, including laboratory parameters, the dose and the duration of lipid administration, and the amount of intravenous heparin, were analyzed. Results: Serum triglycerides were higher in the small for gestational age (SGA) infants than in the appropriate for gestational age infants ($185.5{\pm}134.9$ mg/dL vs. $126.9{\pm}101.9$ mg/dL, p=0.019). Birth weight, gestational age, and body weight were negatively correlated with serum triglyceride level (r=-0.289, p=0.002; r=-0.208, p=0.029; r=-0.287, p=0.002, respectively). The serum triglyceride level was statistically lower in preterm infants receiving 1 U/mL of heparin than in those receiving 0.5 U/mL heparin or no heparin. Conclusion: Preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition, particularly SGA and extremely low birth weight infants, tend to have hypertriglyceridemia. Thus, administration of 1 U/mL of heparin rather than 0.5 U/mL or none may be helpful to prevent hypertriglyceridemia in preterm infants.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.146-154
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of present study was to develop a method for assessing the chronological age of Korean adults based on the relationship between age and size of pulp cavity using dental radiographs of mandibular first molars. Methods: A total of 325 dental radiographs of Korean adults with known age and gender were selected for the study (199 males and 126 females) which were taken in the period between January 2009 and June 2014 at the Pusan National University Dental Hospital. The measurements were carried out on both orthopantomographs (OPGs) and intraoral periapical radiographs of mandibular first molar and the following ratios were calculated: pulp chamber floor height ratio (F/L), pulp chamber ceiling height ratio (R/L), and pulp chamber depth ratio (D/L). Results: The ratios of measurements on intraoral periapical images of mandible first molar generally produce more reliable data than the measurements on OPGs. The pulp chamber floor height ratio and pulp chamber thickness ratio showed significant correlation with age, whereas the pulp chamber ceiling height ratios showed weak correlation with age. It was found that the best correlations between the ratios and age were found for pulp chamber thickness ratios (r=-0.731 to -0.751). The multiple regression models were derived using 3 ratios that were significantly correlated with age. The determination coefficients ($R^2$) of the models ranged from 0.556 to 0.596. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the pulp chamber thickness and pulp chamber floor height in mandibular first molar are an age-dependent variable in adults which can be used to estimate age with reasonable accuracy. The higher image quality of dental radiographs will probably narrow the age estimation error and improve dental age estimation.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.69-74
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• 2012

The analytical method of trace toxic metals in livestock products was confirmed and validated through certified reference material (CRM) and the international proficiency tests. There are some difficulties to determine low levels of toxic metals in livestock products because of interferences due to the matrix. The recoveries of CRM (NIST 1577c) ranged from 73.9 to 119% for lead and from 86.4 to 111% for cadmium in bovine liver. The international proficiency tests were carried out with the milk powder and cocoa powder samples including metals provided by Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS$^{(R)}$, UK). The test samples were prepared by microwave digestion using solution of $HNO_3:H_2O_2:H_2O$ (v/v/v = 5 : 2 : 4) and analyzed by ICP/MS. The analytical result of cadmium in milk powder was $121{\mu}g/kg$ with -0.3 of the z-score compared to the assigned value of $131{\mu}g/kg$ by FAPAS$^{(R)}$. The analytical results of lead and cadmium in cocoa powder were $29.2{\mu}g/kg$ and $97.6{\mu}g/kg$, respectively, which satisfied the assigned values of $34.2{\mu}g/kg$ for lead and $126{\mu}g/kg$ for cadmium by FAPAS$^{(R)}$. It is verified that the analytical method is accurate and reliable to determine trace lead and cadmium in livestock products by microwave digestion and ICP/MS.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.359-365
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• 2015

본 연구는 효소식품과 효소표방식품 (기타가공식품, 음료베이스, 기타발효음료, 액상차) 98건에 대한 ${\alpha}$-아밀라아제, ${\beta}$-아밀라아제 활성과 당 함량을 조사하였다. 효소식품과 기타가공품의 ${\alpha}$-아밀라아제 활성은 각각 4.9~53,854.6 U/g, 2.9~1,182.7 U/g으로 같은 유형간에 큰 차이가 있었다. 발효식품의 ${\alpha}$-아밀라아제 활성은 각각 0.1~1.7 U/g이었다. 효소식품, 기타가공품 그리고 발효식품의 ${\beta}$-아밀라아제 평균 활성은 각각 126.0 U/g, 5.6 U/g, 10.5 U/g으로 효소표방식품은 효소식품보다 훨씬 낮은 활성을 나타냈다. 평균 당 함량은 효소식품 22.4 g/100 g, 기타가공품 14.8 g/100 g, 음료베이스 46.9 g/100 g, 기타발효음료류 41.1 g/100 g, 액상차 39.5 g/100 g으로 발효식품에서 높은 당 함량을 나타냈다. ${\alpha}$-아밀라아제 활성과 유당 함량은 효소식품에서 통계적으로 강한 상관관계(r = 0.644)를 나타냈고 기타가공식품에서는 매우 강한 상관관계(r = 0.903)를 나타냈다. ${\beta}$-아밀라아제 활성과 유당 함량은 효소식품에서 통계적으로 강한 상관관계(r = 0.648)를 나타냈고 기타가공식품에서는 강한 상관관계(r = 0.757)를 나타냈다. 효소식품과 기타가공품에서 ${\alpha}$-아밀라아제 활성과 ${\beta}$-아밀라아제 활성 사이에는 매우 강한 상관관계(r = 0.869, r = 0.760)를 나타냈다. 즉, ${\alpha}$-아밀라아제 활성과 ${\beta}$-아밀라아제 활성 사이에 비례관계가 성립함을 알 수 있었다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2019

Activated carbon is carbon produced from carbonaceous source materials, such as coconut shells, coals, and woods. In this study, an activated carbon production system was analyzed by carbonization and activation in terms of environmental impact and human health. The feedstock of wood wastes for the system reduced fossil fuel consumption and disposal costs. Life cycle assessment methodology was used to analyze the environmental impacts of the system, and the functional unit was one tonne of wood wastes. The boundary expansion method was applied to analyze the wood waste recycling process for activated carbon production. An environmental credit was quantified by avoided impact analysis. Specifically, greenhouse gases discharged from 1 kg of activated carbon production system by feeding wood wastes were evaluated. We found that this system reduced global warming potential of approximately $9.69E+00kg\;CO_2-eq$. compared to the process using coals. The environmental benefits for activated carbon production from wood wastes were analyzed in contrast to other disposal methods. The results showed that the activated carbon system using one tonne of wood wastes has an environmental benefit of $163kg\;CO_2-eq$. for reducing global warming potential in comparison with the same amount of wood wastes disposal by landfilling.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.213-223
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the effects of a prepared childbirth education on the knowledge and delivery participation levels of the spouses of primiparas. Method: The study's subjects were a convenience sample of 126 spouses, consisting of an experimental group of 74 educated for prepared childbirth for 10 hours. This study was measured by using a 41-item measurement instrument for knowledge of childbirth that was devised from Kang's(1981) instrument and a 23-item measurement instrument for measuring delivery levels which was developed through clinical experiences. The data gathered as analyzed by using SPSS WIN10.0. Result: There were no significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in homogeneity concerning the general characteristics of the spouses of primiparas. The first hypothesis, which stated that the level of knowledge of childbirth in the experimental group who received prepared childbirth education would be higher than in control group, was statistically supported by the Compared Independent Sample t-test(t=17.92, p=.000). The second hypothesis, which stated that the level of participation of delivery in the experimental group who received prepared childbirth education would be higher than in the control group, was also statistically supported (t=28.87, p=.000). The third hypothesis, which stated that there would be a correlation between the level of knowledge and the level of participation in the experimental group who received prepared childbirth education, showed a high positive correlation(r=.810, p=.000). Conclusion: The above results indicate that the increase of knowledge through prepared childbirth education in the spouses of primiparas has a high correlation with delivery partici- pation levels which engenders physical and moral support for primiparas at delivery. Additionally, a varied prepared childbirth education acts as an effective means to increase under- standing and support for primiparas couples who experience tension, anxiety and fear due to an unprepared delivery in Korea.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.48.1-48.6
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• 2019

Over the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have provided an unprecedented amount of genetic variations that are associated with various phenotypes. However, previous GWAS were mostly conducted in European populations, and these biased results for non-Europeans may result in a significant reduction in risk prediction for non-Europeans. An issue with the early GWAS was the winner's curse problem, which led to misleading results when constructing the polygenic risk scores (PRS). Therefore, more non-European population-based studies are needed to validate reported variants and improve genetic risk assessment across diverse populations. In this study, we validated 422 variants independently associated with glycemic indexes, liver enzymes, and type 2 diabetes in 125,872 samples from a Korean population, and further validated the results by assessing publicly available summary statistics from European GWAS (n = 898,130). Among the 422 independently associated variants, 284, 320, and 361 variants were replicated in Koreans, Europeans, and either one of the two populations. In addition, the effect sizes for Koreans and Europeans were moderately correlated (r = 0.33-0.68). However, 61 variants were not replicated in both Koreans and Europeans. Our findings provide valuable information on effect sizes and statistical significance, which is essential to improve the assessment of disease risk using PRS analysis.