• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 1998

A research was carried out to determine the formation, contents in foods, and antioxidative effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). CLA was known as a mixture of positional isomer of linoleic acid (LA), that was included in milk, meat, and fish. The formation of CLA from methyl linoleate and soybean oil (SBO) storecd at 20${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ was higher than at 40${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$, and CLA formation from methyl linoleate stored at 20${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ was over 13 times higher than early amounts(188 ppm) and was higher than that from SBO. In edible vegetable oils, the content of CLA were the highest in canola oil (CAO, 348 ppm) but were decreased during storage at 40${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$, while the content of CLA in cotton seed oil (CSO) were 292 ppm, which increased dramatically (1322 ppm) during 28 days of storage at 40${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$. Because the peroxide value (POV) of CSO at that time was very low (10.05 meq/kg $.$ oil), CLA occurrence of CSO was shown to be very available during storage at temperature. CLA content of milk from a market ranged 293∼2148 ppm, which depended on the manufacturing, companies. In meat, the CLA content was very high in pork (2379 ppm), and among fishes, that of spanish mackerel was the highest (1040 ppm, almost same as beef, which increased greatly (2039 ppm) during boiling with seasoning. Antioxidative effect of CLA on SBO was almost same as that of BHT until 7 days of storage at 40${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$, but decreased greatly after that period. In case of com oil (CNO), antioxidative effects of CLA were higher than those or BHN and tocopherol, suggesting that the effect was different depending on the kinds of oils used as substrates. During heating at 180${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$, antioxidative effect of CLA on SBO appeared almost same as those or BHT and tocopherol, and it was also shown greater effects in heating at high temperature (180${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$) than at low temperature(40${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.751-756
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• 2002

For the development of functional jang-products, kanjang was prepared using barley bran. Optical density of barley bran kanjang was significantly high at 15 days after fermentation, and the amount of extract was $2{\sim}3$ fold higher than that of soybean kanjang. Among the flavor components identified in barley bran kanjang, the content of 2-furancarboxaldehyde was the highest, followed by 4-vinyl-2-methoxy-phenol, benzene-acetaldehyde, palmitic acid, and methyl-9,12-octadecadienoate. In barley bran and soybean mixtare (1 : 1) kanjang, the content of 2-furancarboxaldehyde was the highest, followed by benzeneacetaldehyde, diethyl phtalate, palmitic acid, and 2-chloroethyl linoleate. Flavor components detected in both barley bran kanjang and barey bran and soybean mixture kanjang were 2-furancarboxaldehyde, benzaldehyde, benzeneacetaldthyde, 4-vinyl-2-mehtoxy-phenol, 1-furfuryl-2-formy pyrrole, dimethyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, diethyl phtalate, palmiticacid, dibutyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2021

The rhizomes of Cnidium officinalis were extracted in aqueous MeOH, and the concentrate was fractionated via systematic solvent fractionation to EtOAc, n-BuOH, and aqueous fractions. The repeated column chromatography of EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions using silica gel, octadecyl silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20 as stationary phase to afford five lipids. They were identified to be methyl linoleate (1), linoleic aicd (2) 6-linoleoyl-𝛼-D-glucopyranosyl 𝛽-D-fructofuranoside (3), 1-linolenoyl-3-(𝛼-D-galactopyranosyl (1→6)-𝛽-D-galactopyranosyl) glycerol (4), and 1-linoleoyl-3-(𝛼-D-galactopyranosyl (1→6)-𝛽-D-galactopyranosyl) glycerol (5) on the basis of spectroscopic data such as IR, MS, and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Compounds 1 and 3-5 were isolated for the first time from this plant in this study. The NMR data of fatty acids 1 and 2 reported in literatures are different each other. Authors identified the NMR data without ambiguity. Compound 3, a conjugate of sucrose and fatty acid, and compounds 4 and 5, digalactosyl monoglyceride, are very rarely occurred in natural source. Through the immune enhancement and anticancer activity of the reported lipid compounds, the potential as various pharmacologically active materials of Cnidium officinalis rhizome can be expected.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.1031-1035
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• 2002

This study was carried out to obtain conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) producing lactic acid bacteria for further study on the enzymes related to the production of CLA which has gained considerable attention and on the development as a probiotic culture. Total 34 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 19 feces samples of healthy babies. CLA forming ability was measured spectrophotometrically by the modification of linoleate 12-cis, 11-trans-isomerase activity measuring method, and CLA of the cultures were extracted, methylated, and examined by HPLC analysis. CLA methyl ester of only one culture showing the highest value of CLA forming ability could be detected by HPLC analysis. The culture was found to be Gram positive, rods and catalase negative. It grows at $45^{\circ}C$ but not at $15^{\circ}C$, and was identified to be Lactobacillus fermentum on the basis of the biochemical characteristics and the utilization of substrates. These results provide an efficient experimental method to screen CLA producing lactic acid bacteria.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the composition of Rehmannia glutinosa's essential oils with Rehmanniae Radix herbal acupuncture Methods : I obtained the essential oils of Rehmannia Radix by hydrodistillation extraction method and supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) method, and then I analyzed those by GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum). Results : 1. With GC(gas chromatography) and GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum) analysis. I identified 9 compounds in the Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the SFE method. The main compounds were as follows : Hexachloroethane(2.24%), N-Butyl-benzenesulfonamide(2.05%), hexadecanoic acid(1.93%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester(3.49%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(z,z)(2.70%), (9E)-9-Octadecenoic acid(6.14%), ethyl linoleate(4.43%), ethyl oleate(5.80%). 2. I failed to get Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation method. 3. With GC(gas chromatography) and GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum) analysis. I identified 4 compounds in the Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation method. The main compounds were as follows : Ethylbis(trimethylsilyl)amine(1.04%), 2-(Trimethylsiloxy)benzoic methyl ester(2.65%), Hexadecanoic acid trimethylsilyl ester(12.61%), octadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester(6.28%). Conclusions : The substances by hydrodistillation method may not perfectly match with the substances by supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) method in essential oils extracted form Rehmanniae Radix. But, the main substances was assumed Hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1123-1132
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• 2014

This study evaluated the growth and nutrient removal ability of an indigenous algal consortium on real untreated municipal wastewater in a high rate algal pond (HRAP). The HRAP was operated semicontinuously under different hydraulic retention times (HRT: 2, 4, 6, and 8 days). The average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, and total nitrogen and phosphate of real municipal wastewater were maintained at $85.44{\pm}5.10%$, $92.74{\pm}5.82%$, and $82.85{\pm}8.63%$, respectively, in 2 day HRT. Algae dominated the consortium and showed high settling efficiency (99%), and biomass and lipid productivity of $0.50{\pm}0.03g/l/day$ and $0.103{\pm}0.0083g/l/day$ (2day HRT), respectively. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed a predominance of palmitate (C16:0), palmitoleate (C16:1), linoleate (C18:2), and linolenate (C18:3). Microalgal diversity analyses determined the presence of Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Stigeoclonium as the dominant microalgae. The algal consortium provides significant value not only in terms of energy savings and nutrient removal but also because of its bioenergy potential as indicated by the lipid content (20-23%) and FAME profiling.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 2024

To investigate the mechanism of Wenshen Xuanbi Decoction (WSXB) in treating osteoarthritis (OA) via network pharmacology, bioinformatics analysis, and experimental verification. The active components and prediction targets of WSXB were obtained from the TCMSP database and Swiss Target Prediction website, respectively. OA-related genes were retrieved from GeneCards and OMIM databases. Protein-protein interaction and functional enrichment analyses were performed, resulting in the construction of the Herb-Component-Target network. In addition, differential genes of OA were obtained from the GEO database to verify the potential mechanism of WSXB in OA treatment. Subsequently, potential active components were subjected to molecular verification with the hub targets. Finally, we selected the most crucial hub targets and pathways for experimental verification in vitro. The active components in the study included quercetin, linolenic acid, methyl linoleate, isobergapten, and beta-sitosterol. AKT1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, GAPDH, and CTNNB1 were identified as the most crucial hub targets. Molecular docking revealed that the active components and hub targets exhibited strong binding energy. Experimental verification demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF in the WSXB group were lower than those in the KOA group (p < 0.05). WSXB exhibits a chondroprotective effect on OA and delays disease progression. The mechanism is potentially related to the suppression of IL-17 and TNF signaling pathways and the down-regulation of IL-6.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.77-88
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• 1992

To investigate the oxidative stabilities of the ${\gamma}$-ray irradiated soybean during storage and heating and some physico-chemical characteristics of soybean and the extracted soybean oil (SBO) with/without the ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation were determined. The ${\gamma}$-ray level use in irradiation for soybean were 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 KGY respectively and Acid Value, Peroxide Value, Conjugated Diene Value, Composed Fatty Acids amounts, and Trans Fatty Acid occurrence were determined for all samples, which were incubated at 45$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ for 25 days heated at 180$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ for 30 hours. And these values of the ${\gamma}$-ray treated samples were compared to those of nontreated samples. The results were obtained as follows : 1. According to the increased level of the ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation, there was little difference in Dielectric Constant, Viscosity, and the Induction Period by Rancimat. But, in case of 5.0 KGY, oxidative stability was increased more twice than that of non-irradiation. In the quantity of fatty Acids composition of the extracted soybean oil irradiated with 10.0 KGY, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were less increased thanb those of non-irradiation, while stearic, linolenic acids were decreased. In the case of 2.5 KGY irradiation, stearic and oleic acids were increased. 2. The Acid Value of SBO according to the ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation level was almost not change, but was 0.1 lower than that of non-irradiation during incubation (45$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$). The Peroxide Value of SBO with the ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation, was very lower than that of non-irradiation, but its effect on oxidative stability was better of SBO treated with 5.0 KGY and 10.0 KGY. In the Fatty Acids composition of SBO, palmitic, stearic, oleic acids were increased, while linoleic, linolenic acids were decreased during incubation(45$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$). This tendency was more obvious due to the ${\gamma}$-ray level. While heating(180$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$), the Acid Value of SBO treated with the ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation was decreased, the Acid Value of SBO irradiated with 2.5 KGY was the lowest. Also the peroxide Values of SBO treated with 5.0 KGY, 10.0 KGY were very lower than that of non-irradiation. Conjugated Diene Value of SBO was almost unchanged according to the ${\gamma}$-level and heating time. 3. When the methyl linoleate was irradiated with the ${\gamma}$-ray, the Trans Fatty Acid was little produced. In case of SBO with non-irradiation, the trans C18:1 was occured about 6.5~7.9%, but trans C18:2 and C18:3 were not shown, while SBO irradiated with the ${\gamma}$-ray 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 KGY, trans C18:3 and C18:2 amount in SBO were increased according to heating time, but trans C18:3 was little occured. As these results, the effects of the ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation to oil containing food were to cut down the energy for food storage and to increase oxdative stability during storge. And also it was shown to be the best that 10.0 KGY of the ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation would be applied to soybean.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.274-279
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• 2018

To evaluate the antioxidant activities of Korean and Chinese Torreya seeds, their total phenolic compound content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical and ONOO-scavenging activities were compared using their water and methanol extracts. The effective compounds were identified and quantitatively analyzed by GC-MS. The DPPH and ONOO-scavenging activities were the highest in the Korean Torreya seeds. After using GC-MS to identify the active compounds, a total of eight compounds were identified in Korean Torreya seeds, and five compounds were found in Chinese Torreya seeds. In conclusion, we could confirm the antioxidant activity and the difference between active compounds of the Korean and Chinese Torreya seeds; we also confirmed the superiority of Korean Torreya seeds. Futhermore, this basic data about the Korean and Chinese Torreya seeds can be provided to consumers, so that they can select proper and suitable functional foods.