• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.349-353
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• 1996

Background: Although the paramedian approach for epidural blockade is useful in some clinical situation, the parameters which are correlated with the distance from skin to the epidural space has not been established. Methods: We studied in 143 patients having elective continuous epidural blocks for relief of postoperative pain. All blocks were performed using paramedian approach with Tuohy needle in the lumbar (group 1, n=100) and thoracic (group 2, n=45) area. We measured the distance from skin to the epidural space, body weight, height, and the angle between the shaft of the needle and the skin. Data were analyzed by linear regression. The relationships between parameters identified by the F-test with a P value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean distance from skin to the lumbar epidural space was $4.4{\pm}0.7$ cm. significant correlation between the body weight and the depth of lumbar epidural space ($\gamma$ value : 0.492) was noted with regression equation of depth(cm)=2.293+0.034${\times}$body weight (kg). Also the significant correlation between the ponderal index (PI) and the depth of lumbar epidural space ($\gamma$ value : 0.539) was noted with regression equation of depth(cm)=1.703+0.07${\times}$PI, The mean distance from skin to the thoracic epidural space was $5.2{\pm}0.7cm$ which did not correlated with other anatomic measurements. Conclusion: We found that PI and body weight are the suitable predictors of the depth of the lumbar epidural space, but not the thoracic epidural space.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.195-201
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study aimed to quantify the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) stimulation training on the muscle thickness and gross motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy. METHODS: Twenty children diagnosed with spastic cerebral palsy were assigned randomly to the Whole Body Vibration (WBV) group (n=10) and control group (n=10). The WBV group received vibration therapy including five different therapy, and the control group received only five general physiotherapy sessions. After 10 weeks of intervention, the muscle thickness was measured using ultrasound, and the Gross Motor Function D and E items were evaluated. RESULTS: After the intervention, both groups showed a significant increase in muscle thickness and gross motor function (p<.05). The WBV group showed a significant increase in the quadriceps femoris and tibialis anterior muscles compared to the control group, whereas no significant increase in the gastrocnemius muscle was observed (p<.05). The WBV group showed significant improvement in the Gross Motor Function D and E scores compared to the control group (p<.05). CONCLUSION: WBV training may be a useful way of improving the lower extremity muscle strength in children with spastic cerebral palsy, which may help improve the gross motor function.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to prove the effects of the PNF patterns combined with whole-body vibration (PWBV) training on muscle strength, balance, walking speed, and endurance in stroke patients. Methods: Sixteen subjects were randomly assigned to the PWBV group (n=8) and the whole-body vibration (WBV) group (n=8). The PWBV group performed PNF pattern exercises using sprinter combined with WBV, while the WBV group performed using squatting for 30 minutes. Both groups performed therapeutic interventions five days per week over a period of four weeks. The manual muscle test, timed up and go test (TUG), 10-meter walk test (10MWT), and six-minute walk test (6MWT) were used to assess the muscle strength, balance, and gait of the participants. The SPSS Ver. 19.0 statistical program was used for data processing. Statistical analysis included a pared t-test to compare the pre- and post-intervention, and an independent t-test was used to compare groups. The significance level was set as 0.05. Results: The PWBV group and WBV group showed significant improvements in the TUG, 10MWT, and 6MWT (P<0.05). Significant differences between the PWBV and WBV groups were found (P<0.05). Conclusion: The PWBV improved muscle strength, balance, gait speed, and endurance in stroke patients. Thus, PWBV may be suggested as a therapeutic intervention in patients with stroke hemiplegia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of cross-body stretching (CBS) and modified cross-body stretching (MCBS) on the range of motion (ROM) of glenohumeral joint (GHJ) in healthy subjects. METHODS: Thirty subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: CBS group without stabilization of scapula (n=15) and MCBS group with stabilization of scapula (n=15). We measured horizontal adduction and internal rotation ROM of GHJ in pre- and post-intervention. The data were analyzed using the analyses of covariate (ANCOVA) and least significant difference (LSD) post hoc tests (p=.05). RESULTS: In the post-intervention, the MCBS group had a significantly greater increase in horizontal adduction ROM (mean ${\pm}$ SD, $11.46^{\circ}{\pm}0.83^{\circ}$) compared to the CBS group ($7.81^{\circ}{\pm}0.83^{\circ}$) (p=.007) and a greater increase in internal rotation ROM ($62.27^{\circ}{\pm}0.74^{\circ}$) compared to the CBS group ($59.20^{\circ}{\pm}0.74^{\circ}$) (p=.004). CONCLUSION: A single session application of an MCBS provides immediate more improvements in both horizontal adduction and internal rotation ROM than CBS. These results suggest that application of MCBS with stabilization of scapula may be a more useful to gain ROM of GHJ than CBS without stabilization of scapula.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.594-607
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a weight reduction program on the body weight, BMI, self-esteem, and self-efficacy of chronic mentally ill persons. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design was employed. Participants were 46 chronic mentally ill persons who agreed to participate in this study, and were assigned to an experimental group (n=23) and a control group (n=23). The weight reduction program was modified by the author, based on the Wellness program (Lilly Pharmaceutical Company, 2003), Lee (2007) and Kim (2013). Data analysis with frequency, ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, and t-test was performed using SPSS/Win 18.0 version. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in body weight and BMI and an increase in self-esteem in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The weight reduction program had a positive effect on body weight, BMI, and self-esteem. Evaluation of drug compliance and vocational rehabilitation is recommended for long term effect of the program and conduct of further studies will be required for use of various resources for self-efficacy for inclusion in drug education in a program for improved health outcome.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 2011

Purpose: The injection of various materials, including medical fillers and unregulated products, is widespread, potentially causing the development of foreign body granulomas. Should this occur on the nose, the contour deformity and inflammatory signs that result from these granulomas are aesthetically undesirable to patients. The purpose of our study is to share our experiences using different surgical approaches, depending on the affected portion of the nose, to optimize management of this challenging problem and to evaluate patient's satisfaction using our in-house questionnaire along with degree of improvement by two independent plastic surgeons. Methods: We treated 18 patients who underwent surgical excision of nasal foreign body granulomas via a perilesional approach to the lesion (n=12) or by transcolumellar incision (n=6) at our hospital over a period of seven years from March 2003 to October 2010. Nonparametric statistics were used and are presented as medians (25th-75th). Patient satisfaction was evaluated on a scale of 1 to 5 using an in-house questionnaire. All pre-and post-operative photographs were analyzed by two independent plastic surgeons. Post-operative outcomes were evaluated based on the surgeons' consensus ratings. Results: All patients receiving the transcolumellar approach reported a high level of satisfaction with the results. All but two patients who received the perilesional approach were satisfied with the outcome. No outcomes were rated as no change or worse by the consensus ratings. Conclusion: For the upper two-thirds of the nose, perilesional surgical excision can lead to substantial patient satisfaction with modified contour deformity and infection control. The transcolumellar approach resulted in better outcomes and patient satisfaction for the lower one-third of the nose.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.331-340
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in body composition, upper and lower limb muscle strength, and functional physical ability in urban-dwelling elderly women with or without obesity. Methods: All study participants were assigned to the normal weight group (n=8, BMI<25) and the obesity group (n=7, BMI>25) based on their obesity rate. Anthropometric measurement was conducted and body composition was measured. For the upper and lower limb strength, grip strength and maximal isometric knee extension and flexion were evaluated by a dynamometer. The senior fitness test was performed to measure functional ability. Data analysis was conducted by the independent t-test and the alpha level was set at 0.05. Results: The waist, hips, and thighs of obese elderly women were thicker than those of normal-weight elderly women. This physical difference resulted from body fat mass, not muscle mass. Despite a similar level of limb muscle mass between the two groups, the upper limb grip strength was higher (24.00% for left, 19.95% for right) in the normal-weight women than the obese women (p<0.05), but otherwise there was no difference in maximal knee flexion or extension isometric strength. Functional physical ability showed no difference in a 30-second chair sit and stand test and a six-minute walk test, but a 30-second arm-curl (11.00% for left, 14.81% for right), back stretch (8.54cm for left, 8.99cm for right), chair sit and reach (9.22cm for left, 6.24cm for right), and 2.44 meter round trip walk (0.62 sec, 9.39%) were faster in performance for normal-weight elderly women than obese elderly women (p<0.05). Conclusion: Taken together, despite similar levels of upper and lower extremity muscle mass, normal-weight elderly women showed higher performance in upper limb strength, flexibility, and agility than obese elderly women, but there was no difference in lower extremity functional muscle strength and cardiopulmonary endurance.

• Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.191-196
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• 2018

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer are serious health problems worldwide, and their prevalences have been on the rise in recent years. It has been reported that adropin plays an important role in the development of T2DM, oxidative stress, inflammation, and obesity. However, there is limited information available on T2DM from human studies, especially for the Korean population. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between adropin levels and obesity of Korean T2DM patients. Methods: Thirty-six T2DM patients were recruited for this study. The participants were further classified into female (n = 12) and male (n = 24). Their body composition, metabolic parameters, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress were measured. Results: The severity of obesity is more manifested in male than in female. Plasma triglyceride (TG) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels of male were significantly higher than female. The plasma adropin and adiponectin level of female was significantly higher than male. The body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat mass were negatively correlated with the plasma adropin level in female, whereas adropin has positive correlation with adiponectin in female. The hs-CRP was negatively correlated with the plasma adropin level in female and male. malondialdehyde, reactive oxidative species, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ was not significantly correlated with adropin in patients with T2DM. Conclusions: These findings suggest that adropin may be more used as a biomarker for predicting the risk of obesity and inflammation in Korean patients with T2DM, especially women.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of whole body vibratory stimulation on muscle strength, balance, and fall efficacy among super-aged women. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-eight super-aged women over 80 years of age were assigned to either the experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=14). The experimental group received an exercise program that used the whole body vibratory stimulation with a frequency of 30 Hz and amplitude of 3 mm, and the control group received an exercise program without vibratory stimulation. Intervention was provided for 4 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 30 minutes per session. In order to measure lower extremity muscle strength the 30-second chair stand test (CST) was used. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was used to measure dynamic balance. Static balance was measured by tracking the path length, velocity, and area of the center of pressure (CoP). The Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) was used to measure the subjects' fear of falling. Results: Both the experimental and control group demonstrated statistically significant increase in muscle strength, dynamic balance, and fall efficacy (p<0.05). Only the experimental group showed significant improvements in static balance before and after the intervention (p<0.05). The experimental group showed significantly greater improvements in CST, BBS, and CoP (path length, velocity) than control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Whole body vibratory stimulation exercise is shown to be a safe and appropriate physical therapy intervention method to enhance muscle strength, balance, and fall efficacy of super-aged women.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.36-43
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• 2021

[Purpose] Exercise is a key factor in preventing obesity and metabolic syndrome. Sumo wrestlers increase their body size from childhood for athletic advantage; however, the risk of metabolic syndrome in junior sumo wrestlers is undetermined. Preventive measures against pediatric obesity should be initiated during childhood to prevent obesity in adulthood, considering its high global incidence. We comparatively evaluated the risk factors for metabolic syndrome in junior sumo wrestlers and children with obesity. [Methods] We enrolled 70 male children (age 9-17 years [sumo group, n = 14] and 9-14 years [other sports and non-exercise groups, n = 28 each]) and evaluated their anthropometric parameters (height, weight, body mass index z-score, obesity rate, waist circumference, waist to height ratio) and hematological parameters (total, low-density, high-density, and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; triglycerides; plasma glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels). [Results] The BMI z-score, obesity rate, waist circumference (p < 0.05, along with the non-exercise group), and systolic blood pressure were significantly higher and the high-density cholesterol level was lower in the sumo group than in the other sports group (p < 0.05). The waist to height ratio was significantly higher in the non-exercise group than in the other sports group (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in other blood lipid, plasma glucose (significantly lower level than the reference range in the sumo group, p < 0.05), and glycated hemoglobin (within the reference range in all groups) levels among the three groups. [Conclusion] Junior sumo wrestlers had a larger body size and higher blood pressure than children with obesity who exercised regularly. This provides direction for future research into targeted preventive interventions against metabolic syndrome for junior sumo wrestlers with large body size.