• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.794-798
• /
• 1999

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of supernormal level of copper (Cu) from different supplementary sources on the performance, cholesterol level in plasma and breast muscle, and accumulation of fat and Cu in broilers. In a 5 wk feeding trial, two hundred forty hatched male broiler chickens were assigned to four dietary treatments: control diet containing 10 mg/kg supplementary Cu, control diet plus 250 mg/kg Cu from $CuSO_4$ ($CuSO_4-250$), control diet plus 125 mg/kg Cu from Cu-methionine chelate (Cu-Met-125), and control diet plus 250 mg/kg Cu from Cu-methionine chelate (Cu-Met-250). Weight gain in Cu-Met-125 treatment and Cu-Met-250 treatment were not different, but they were significantly (p<0.05) greater than that in $CuSO_4-250$ treatment. Plasma total cholesterol and reduced glutathione (GSH) in blood were significantly reduced by supplementation of $CuSO_4-250$, but were not significantly affected by Cu-Met supplementations. Plasma HDL cholesterol, plasma triglycerides and breast muscle cholesterol were not significantly affected by Cu supplementation. $CuSO_4-250$ improved metabolizability of crude fat, which resulted in low abdominal fat pad weight. Cu from Cu-Met was better absorbed and accumulated more in the breast muscle and lesser in the liver compared with Cu from $CuSO_4$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.417-421
• /
• 1999

This experiment examined the effects of feeding Aspergillus oryzae (AO) culture to laying hens, on fecal microbial populations, fecal pH and moisture content, egg quality, and metabolizabilities of several nutrients. Sixteen commercial 38-wk-old laying hens were randomly allotted to four diets: control; with 0.15% locally produced AO culture; with 0.3% locally produced AO culture, and; or with 0.3% imported AO. Each treatment consisted of four replicates (cages) containing one bird per cage according to a completely randomized design. After 4 wk, AO were recovered in the feces of birds fed the AO diets, indicating that AO might pass through the fore-gut alive and become active in the hind gut. The number of Lactobacillus spp. in feces was higher in all treated groups than that of the control, indicating that AO would provide a beneficial environment for the Lactobacillus spp. to proliferate in the intestine. The number of fecal E. coli was significantly reduced by the addition of AO. A similar trend was also found for aerobic bacteria. Although not significant, fecal moisture contents tended to be reduced by the addition of AO. Fecal pH was not significantly different among the treatments. The addition of AO did not affect the various economic traits of eggs. Metabolizabilities of gross energy and dry matter measured during the 5th wk were increased by the AO supplementation. It appears that AO culture alone could be used as a probiotic supplement for layers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.903-909
• /
• 2003

For the last two decades, energy utilization of growing chicks has been studied more and more. This paper focuses on the energy utilization estimated by the metabolizable energy (ME) values and the efficiency at which ME is used for growth of chicks under various nutritional environment. Degree of saturation of dietary fats is responsible for nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of fats. The effect of dietary fat sources on heat production depends on the kind of unsaturated fatty acids as well as the degree of saturation. Medium chain triglyceride shows lower AME and net energy than long chain triglyceride. Phytase as feed additives increases the AME values of the diet along with improvement of the phosphorous utilization. Ostriches have higher ability to metabolize the energy of fiber-rich foodstuffs than fowls. Their higher ability seems to be associated with fermentation of fiber in the hindgut. Proportions of macronutrients in the diets have influenced not only the gain of body protein and energy but also the oxidative phosphorylation of the chicken liver. Essential amino acids deficiency reduces ME/GE (energy metabolizability) little, if any. Growing chicks respond to a deficiency of single essential amino acids with the reduction of energy retained as protein and increased energy retained as fat. Thus, energy retention is proportional to ME intake despite deficiency, and efficiency of ME utilization is not affected by deficiency of amino acids. Effect of oral administration of clenbuterol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, on the utilization of ME varies with the dose of the agents. Although the heat production related to eating behavior has been estimated less than 5% of ME, tube-feeding diets decreases HI by about 30%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권5호
• /
• pp.688-692
• /
• 2004

Fifty four crossbred gilts of 26.38${\pm}$0.85 kg body weight and 25 weeks of age were randomly divided into three groups, having six replicates of three animals each and were assigned to one of the three dietary treatments containing corn, wheat bran and rice bran (RB) at 35, 47 and 0% in $R_1$; 17.5, 23.5 and 41% in $R_2$ and 0, 0 and 82% in $R_3$. Soybean meal and fishmeal were used as source of protein at 10 and 6%, respectively, in all the rations. Average daily CP, DCP, DE and ME intake per kg $W^{0.75}$ and body weight gains were lowest (p<0.01) in gilts fed 82% RB ($R_3$), followed by $R_2$ and R1. Utilization of protein with respect to nitrogen balance and DCP conversion efficiency did not differ (p>0.05) between the treatment groups. All the gilts were in positive nitrogen balance. However, the excretion of dietary nitrogen and energy through faeces was higher (p<0.01) in gilts fed RB. However, the DE and ME conversion efficiency were higher (p<0.01) in gilts fed RB. Therefore, it can be concluded that the digestibility of energy and protein in diets containing rice bran goes on decreasing with the increasing level of fat and fibre, but the metabolizability of the energy and protein was better in pigs fed RB in the diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.315-321
• /
• 1992

The utilization of feeding white sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniwhite) seeds supplemented with the limiting amino acids were investigated in day-old single comb White Leghorn male chicks. These were fed a commercial chick mash for the first 10 days and on a semi-synthetic protein-free diet for the next 6 days. For the subsequent 6 days of experimental feeding period, the birds were fed on the protein-free diet, basal diet containing 9.31% of lupin seed meal (LSM) protein, diets supplemented with methionine, methionine + tryptophan or methionine + tryptophan + lysine in the basal diet, and diet containing 9.84% of soybean meal (SBM) protein. When the LSM protein was supplemented with methionine, protein intake, body weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) were increased (p<0.05). The birds excreted lower urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen per protein comsumption, had improved apparent (AD) and true (TD) digestibility but did not alter biological value (BV) of the protein. Metabolizability (MEn/GE) and heat production (HP) per MEn intake (HP/MEn) was lowered while energy retention (ER) was highered (p<0.05) compared with those of the basal diet. Also the body weight gain, PER, NPR and ER was increased but the BV and HP/MEn was lowered compared with those of the SBM protein. The results indicated that lupin seed supplemented with methionine increase body weight gain and energy rentention but did not alter biological value compared with those of lupin seed and soybean meal.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 1979

육계사료의 대사에너지 및 단백질이용성에 미치는 양지. 우지 및 레시친첨가의 영향을 조사하기 위하여 옥수수. 대두박 및 어분을 주로 하는 사료에서 상기 유지가 각각 2% 및 5% 함유하는 사료를 단백질함량과 대사에너지함양이 동일하도록 옥수수와 대치하거나 소맥당을 첨가하여 제조하였다. 육계는 처음 1주일간 시판배합사료를 급여하고 전기 4주간 흑은 후기 3주간에 단백질과 대사에너지 함양이 각각 다른 사료로 사육하여 성장 및 사료요구율을 측정하였다. 또한 전기사료를 급여한 3주령의 마지막 3일간은 분요혼합물과 사료섭취량을 24시간 간격으로 측정하여 전기사료의 에너지이용. 실소축적량 및 지방의 소화율을 조사하였다. 육계의 성장. 사료요구율 및 평균일당 증체량과 사료요구율에 있어서 각 유지사료급여간이나 각 유지 2% 혹은 5% 급여구간에 특별한 경향은 없었고 서로 유사하였다. 대사에너지함양은 전기사료 1g당 2,713-3,059Kcal이었고 총에너지의 대사율은 62-70%로 기초사료급여구가 가장 높았으며 유지 2% 첨가시에 비교하여 5% 첨가시에 낮아지는 경향이 있었으나 유지의 종류에 의한 특별한 경향은 발견되지 않았다. 3주령시에 1일1수가 대사하는 에너지량은 132-168Kcal였으며 유지의 첨가량이 5%로 증가할 때 낮아지는 경향이 있었다. 이때 질소 축적량은 0.631-0.738g이었으며 양지와 우지의 첨가량이 5%로 증가할 때 2% 첨가시에 비교하여 증가하는 경향이 있었으나 레시친의 경우는 그 반대였다. 유지의 소비율에 있어서도 48%로부터 76%의 범위에 있었으나 서로 유의차는 없었고 기초사료급여구가 가장 낮고 양지 및 우지의 경우는 2% 급여시보다 5% 급여시가 높았다. 이러한 값들은 어분중에 함유된 지질과산화물에 기인한다고 추측되었으나 레시친급여구의 유지의 소화율은 2% 급여시와 5% 급여시에 유사한 값을 나타내었다. 이상과 같이 단백지 및 에너지이용에 있어서 양지는 우지와 비슷하였으나 레시친과는 경향이 다르다는 것이 추측되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 2007

육계 사료에 허브와 식물체의 추출물의 첨가가 생산능력, 영양소 소화율, 장내 미생물, IgG, 혈액의 조성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 2차례의 실험을 수행하였다. 시험 1은 대조구, 항생제($Aviilamix^{(R)}premix-avilliamycin$ 0.02 %) 0.03%구, Herb M (Herb $mix^{(R)}$-지황 10%, 산약 10%, 당귀 20 %, 오미자 5%, 감초 5%, 천궁 10%) 0.2%구, Plant extract B(BIOSTONG $510^{(R)}-Anise$ Extract 20%, Thyme Extract 17%, Quillaja 30%) 0.02%구, Plant Extract A($APEX^{(R)}$ - garlic, anise, cinnamon rosemary, thyme, Talin등 50%) 0.02%구 등 5개 처리구를 두었다. 시험 2는 대조구, 항생제($Aviilamix^{(R)}$premix- avilliamycin 0.02%) 0.03% 구, Plant Extract D($Digestarom^{(R)}$-peppermint oil, gentian, horse-tail herb, saponins, oak bark 50 %) 0.02 %구, Plant extract P($Phellozyme^{(R)}$ -Kilmora lavan extract, bromelain extract, bioflavonoid, propolis 15%) 0.1%구, Plant Extract G($Galicin^{(R)}$-allicin 10%) 0.05%구, Plant Extract C(CRINA $POULTRY^{(R)}$-cinnamon, lemongrase, savory, rosewood, spearmint, tea) 0.05%구 등 6개 처리구를 두었다. 시험 1은 1일령 육계($Ross^{(R)}$종) 1,000수(암 수 각각 500수)를 공시하여 5처리 4반복 반복당 50수(암 수 동수) 씩을 floor pen(가로: 2.0 m, 세로: 2.4 m)에 완전 임의 배치하였다. 시험 2는 1일령 육계($Ross^{(R)}$종) 240수(암 수 각각 120수)를 공시하여 6처리 4반복, 반복당 10수(암 수 동수) 씩을 케이지(가로: 35.5 cm, 세로: 45 cm, 높이: 55 cm)에 완전 임의배치하여 각각 35일간사양 시험을 실시하였다. 시험 1에서 생산지수는 대조구에 비해 첨가구들이 높은 경향이 있었고 herbs M구가 가장 높았다. 시험 2에서 $4{\sim}5$주 사료 섭취량은 대조구에 비해 첨가구들이 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05) 사료 요구율은 항생제 처리구가 다른 처리구보다 낮았다. 시험 1의 RBC와 적혈구 용적 (HCT 또는 PCV), Hb는 첨가구들이 대조구보다 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 시험 2의 BA는 대조구보다 첨가구들이 유의적으로 낮았다(P<0.05). 시험 1과 시험 2의 혈청 IgG 농도는 대조구에 비해 첨가구들이 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 시험 1과 시험 2의 장내 미생물 균총과 영양소 이용율은 처리간에 통계적 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 일부 한방제와 생약제제는 육계에서 항생제를 대체하여 사용이 가능하며 특히 혈액의 성분에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권10호
• /
• pp.1488-1495
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of post-harvest storage duration and wheat variety on the digestibility and energy content of new season wheat fed to finishing pigs. Two wheat varieties (Shi and Zhong) were harvested in 2013 and stored in the warehouse of the Fengning Pig Experimental Base at China Agricultural University for 3, 6, 9, or 12 mo. For each storage period, 12 barrows were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to diets containing 1 of the 2 wheat varieties in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets contained 97.34% wheat and 2.66% of a vitamin and trace mineral premix. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) of the wheat decreased by 2.0% and 12.01%, respectively, while the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content increased by 30.26%, 19.08%, and 2.46%, respectively. Total non-starch polysaccharide, total arabinose, total xylose and total mannose contents decreased by 46.27%, 45.80%, 41.71%, and 75.66%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the chemical composition between the two wheat varieties with the exception of ADF which was approximately 13.37% lower in Shi. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content and the apparent total tract digestibility of GE, CP, dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ADF and metabolizability of energy in wheat decreased linearly (p<0.01) by 5.74%, 7.60%, 3.75%, 3.88%, 3.50%, 2.47%, 26.22%, 27.62%, and 3.94%, respectively. But the digestibility of NDF changed quadratically (p<0.01). There was an interaction between wheat variety and storage time for CP digestibility (p<0.05), such that the CP digestibility of variety Zhong was stable during 9 mo of storage, while the CP digestibility of variety Shi decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the GE, DE, and ME of wheat was stable during the first 3 to 6 mo of post-harvest storage, and decreased during the following 6 to 12 mo of storage under the conditions of this study.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.133-144
• /
• 1995

One metabolism trial(Experiment I) and another respiration trial(Experiment II) were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber supplementation(20% wheat bran) on the water balance, blood acid-base balance, body temperature, and metabolic rate of heat-stressed adult roosters. In Experiment I, twenty 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were randomly alloted to 4 treatments with 5 birds per treatment and one per replicate. The 4 treatments were consisted of two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two dietary fiber treatment(0% and 20% wheat bran), making Experiment I a 2x2 factorial. After 4 d of preliminary period, birds we subjected to 3-d collection period. Sixteen 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were employed Experiment H, with two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two wheat bran levels(0% and 20%). Brids were housed in individual metabolism cages under normal temperature(21~22˚C), at fed one of the experimental diet. After 4 d of preliminary period, a respiration trial with open-circuit gravimetric respiratory apparatus was carried out for each bird for 6 h, one by one, normal(20~21˚C) and hot(34~35˚C) temperatures. The ANOVA test and comparisons among treatment means were done at 5% probability level for both experiments. Results obtained from Experiment I and, II were summarized as follows, 1.The amounts of DM intake and excretion were significantly(P<.05) decreased by heat stress. The DM intake was not affected by the addition of 20% wheat bran, however, the amount of DM excretion was significantly increased by the high fiber diet. Thus, the DM metabolizability decreased significantly by the addition of 20% wheat bran. 2. The heat-stressed roosters increased the water intake and excreta moisture content significantly. Although not significant, the water intake tended to increase in roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet. 3. The amounts of total water input and evaporative water loss were increased significantly by heat stress, and the addition of 20% wheat bran did not exert any influence on the total water input and evaporative water loss. However, roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet increased the excreta water output significantly. 4. Neither the heat stress nor the dietary fiber did affect the blood pH, pCO2, and HCO$_3$- significantly. 5. The body temperature increased significantly by the heat stress. However, the high fiber deit failed to decrease the body temperature. 6. The heat-stressed roosters decreased the 02 consumption and C0$_2$ production, and increased the evaporative water loss significantly. However, the high fiber diet did not exert any infulence in this regard. It appears that the beneficial effect, if any, of high fibrous diet during heat stress episode may be due to the increased heat loss through the enhanced excreta water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.174-179
• /
• 1999

The effect of a chronic inflammation (cell-mediated immune response) on energy metabolism and growth performance was assessed in weanling piglets. Twenty four barrows of 4 wk of age were assigned to one of two immunization treatments : Control group [CON: immunized with Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (lFA)] or Immunization group [IMMU: immunized with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)]. On d0, piglets were weaned and subcutaneously immunized at the medial side of the femur with 2 ml of IFA or CFA, respectively. Energy and nitrogen balances were measured per group during 13-d balance period, and total $(HP_{tot})$, activity-related ($(HP_{act})$) and non-activity-related $(HP_{cor})$ heat production were determined every 9-min by indirect calorimetry. Ig total titers to Mycobacterium butyricum, which is present in CFA, were higher (p<0.01) in IMMU than in CON on d13 (2.5 vs 1.8) and d20 (2.9 vs 1.8) after immunization. There were no differences (p>0.10) between treatments in rectal temperature, performance, feed intake, and availability and partitioning of energy during the balance period. Average daily feed intake was numerically higher in IMMU than in CON (0.34 vs 0.32 kg/d), but there was no difference (p>0.10) in metabolizability of the dietary energy between treatments. $HP_{act}/HP_{tot}$ was 16.24 and 16.89%, and retained energy was 251 and 268 $268\;kJ{\cdot}kg^{0.75}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ for CON and IMMU, respectively. Numerically, maintenance requirement of IMMU was even lower than that of CON $(419\;vs\;427\;kJ{\cdot}kg^{0.75}{\cdot}d^{-1})$. The present study suggests that a chronic inflammation has no effect on energy metabolism and growth performance, in spite of the difference in systemic antibody responses. The reason was considered to be due to locally induced immune response, resulting from the possible encapsulation at the site of injection, and/or to a low systemic immune stress which is within a functionally acceptable physiological range for the piglets.