• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.160-164
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• 2009

Objectives : The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between past smoking and the risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Methods : From January 2007 to December 2007, a total of 3,916 over thirty years old male health screen examinees were divided into the nonsmoking, smoking, ex-smoking groups. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was based on the criteria of the NCEP ATP III(Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program). Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of three or more of the following: a blood pressure $\geq$ 130/85 mmHg, a fasting glucose level $\geq$ 110 mg/dL, a HDL-C (High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) level < 40 mg/dL, a triglyceride level $\geq$ 150 mg/dL and, a waist circumference men $\geq$ 102 cm, but a waist to hip ratio > 0.90 was used as a surrogate for the waist circumference. Results : After adjustment for age, alcohol consumption and, exercise in the smokers, for the ex-smokers compared with the nonsmokers, the odds ratio (OR) of a lower HDL cholesterol level (<40 mg/dL) was 1.29 (95% CI=1.03-1.61) in the smokers, the ORs of a higher triglyceride level were 1.35 (95% CI=1.09-1.66) in the ex-smokers and, 2.12 (95% CI=1.75-2.57) in the smokers, and the OR of a waist to hip ratio was 1.25 (95% CI=1.03-1.52) in the ex-smokers. When there were over three components of metabolic syndrome in the ex-smokers and smokers as compared with the nonsmokers, the odds ratio against the risk of metabolic syndrome were 2.39 (95% CI=1.00-6.63) and 2.37 (95% CI=1.02-6.46), respectively. Conclusions : The present study suggested that there is an association of smoking with metabolic syndrome in men.

• Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.213-222
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• 2018

Bariatric surgery has evolved from a surgical measure for treating morbid obesity to an epochal remedy for treating metabolic syndrome as a whole, which is represented by type 2 diabetes mellitus. Numerous clinical trials have advocated bariatric or metabolic surgery over nonsurgical interventions because of markedly superior metabolic outcomes in morbidly obese patients who satisfy traditional criteria for bariatric surgery (body mass index [BMI] >$35kg/m^2$) and in less obese or simply overweight patients. Nevertheless, not all diabetes patients achieve the most desirable outcomes; i.e., diabetes remission after metabolic surgery. Thus, candidates for metabolic surgery should be carefully selected based on comprehensive preoperative assessments of the risk-benefit ratio. Predictors for diabetes remission after metabolic surgery may be classified into two groups based on mechanism of action. The first is indices for preserved pancreatic beta-cell function, including younger age, shorter duration of diabetes, and higher C-peptide level. The second is the potential for an insulin resistance reduction, including higher baseline BMI and visceral fat area. Several prediction models for diabetes remission have been suggested by merging these two to guide the joint decision-making process between clinicians and patients. Three such models, DiaRem, ABCD, and individualized metabolic surgery scores, provide an intuitive scoring system and have been validated in an independent external cohort and can be utilized in routine clinical practice. These prediction models need further validation in various ethnicities to ensure universal applicability.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2023

Objectives: Epidemiological evidence linking long working hours and shift work to metabolic syndrome remains inadequate. We sought to evaluate the impact of reducing working hours on metabolic syndrome. Methods: We compared the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among male manual workers in a manufacturing company (N = 371) before and after the introduction of policy to reduce daily work hours from 10 to 8 hours. Components of metabolic syndrome were measured in periodic health examinations before the intervention, 6-9 months after, and 1.5-2 years after the intervention. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Analyses were stratified by day work versus shift work. Results: The results showed a significantly decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome 6-9 months following the intervention in day workers (risk ratio = 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.88), but the benefit disappeared after 1.5-2 years. Shift workers showed a decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome for the whole follow-up duration after the intervention, although the change was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Reducing working hours was associated with short-term improvement in metabolic syndrome in male manual workers.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 2023

This study aimed to determine whether smoking affects the metabolic syndrome and its components through long-term follow-up. Of the 10,030 cohort subjects in the community-based Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) from 2001 to 2018, 2,848 people with metabolic syndrome and 4,854 people with insufficient data for analysis were excluded for this study. The study population comprised 2,328 individuals (1,123 men, 1,205 women) who were eligible for inclusion. The mean age of the participants was 49.2±7.5 years, and 21.9% were current smoker. In log rank test, current smoker had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of metabolic syndrome compared with non smoker (P<0.001). In the Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for key variables, metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio [HR] 1.57, P<0.001), high fasting glucose (HR 1.40, P<0.01), hypertriglyceridemia (HR 1.60, P<0.001), low HDL-cholesterol (HR, 1.30, P<0.01), and abdominal obesity (HR 1.32, P<0.01) in current smoker compared with non smoker were statistically significant, respectively, but not hypertension (HR 1.00, P>0.05). After adjustment for confounders, the time (P-time<0.001) and group (P-group<0.001) effects on metabolic syndrome score change were statistically significant. Furthermore, the interaction analysis of time and smoking group on the change in metabolic syndrome score was statistically significant (P-interaction<0.001). In long-term follow-up, smoking worsens metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.914-918
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze the metabolic flux of W. kimchii sk10 on pyruvate and ethanol as a carbon source. The sk10 grown on ethanol produced acetate under aerobic conditions rather than under anaerobic conditions. The lactate and acetate were produced on ethanol plus pyruvate by the sk10 grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The resting cell of sk10 produced 99.1 mM acetate and 17.3 mM lactate under aerobic conditions and 51.1 mM acetate and 62.4 mM lactate under anaerobic conditions from ethanol plus pyruvate, respectively. This result is thought to be due to the difference in the $NADH/NAD^+$ ratio depending on the growth conditions. The 11-fold overproduction of NADH peroxidase results in a low $NADH/NAD^+$ratio under aerobic growth conditions. At the low $NADH/NAD^+$ ratio, the metabolic flux of pyruvate toward lactate has to be shifted to a flux toward acetate without NADH oxidation to $NAD^+$, and ethanol oxidation to acetate coupled to $NAD^+$ reduction to NADH has to be activated.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.69-77
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• 2021

This study identified vitamin E associated with metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome components among Korean adults aged over 19 years. Secondary data from the 2016-2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for this study. Data from 6,425 were analyzed by logistic regression analysis using a complex sample procedure. As a result of logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio was increased in the group with high vitamin E levels compared to the group with normal vitamin E levels. There are metabolic syndrome (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 1.889, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.550-2.303, p<.001), abdominal obesity (AOR: 1.444, CI: 1.205-1.730, p<.001), hyperglyceridemia(AOR: 3.182, CI: 2.641-3.835, p<.001), systolic blood pressure (AOR: 1.711, CI: 1.446-2.026, p<.001), diastolic blood pressure (AOR: 1.806, CI: 1.521-2.144, p<.001), low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (AOR: 1.558, CI: 1.060-2.290, p=.024). Therefore vitamin E was associated with metaboic syndrome and metabolic syndrome components. So when providing nursing intervention for people with metabolic syndrome, education on vitamin E should be actively included.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2013

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the gender differences in the relationship between alcohol use behaviors and the risk of metabolic syndrome among Korean adult population. Methods: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (5th, 2010) was analyzed. Using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, subjects were classified into 4 groups including non-drinking, low-risk drinking, medium-level alcohol problem, and high-level alcohol problem group. Metabolic syndrome and its components were compared among the alcohol behavior groups by gender. Results: The odds ratio vs. non-drinking group for metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in male medium and high-level alcohol problem group. In female, high-level alcohol problem group showed significantly higher odds ratio for metabolic syndrome. Blood pressure and HDL-cholesterol were likely to be higher with the excessive drinking behaviors in both men and woman. Triglyceride level in men was significantly higher in the medium and high-level alcohol problem group than non-drinking group. Although fasting glucose level did not show differences among drinking groups, the odd ratios vs. non-drinking group for the hyperglycemia (${\geq}$ 100mg/dl) were significantly higher in female drinking groups. Conclusions: Problematic alcohol drinking is likely to increase the risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.177-187
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• 2021

Metabolic syndrome (MBS) is a widespread disease that has strongly related to unhealthy diet and low physical activity, which initiate more serious conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of morin, as one of the flavonoids constituents, which widely exists in many herbs and fruits, against some metabolic and hepatic manifestations observed in MBS rats and the feasible related mechanisms. MBS was induced in rats by high fructose diet feeding for 12 weeks. Morin (30 mg/kg) was administered orally to both normal and MBS rats for 4 weeks. Liver tissues were used for determination of liver index, hepatic expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) as well as both inflammatory and fibrotic markers. The fat/muscle ratio, metabolic parameters, systolic blood pressure, and oxidative stress markers were also determined. Our data confirmed that the administration of morin in fructose diet rats significantly reduced the elevated systolic blood pressure. The altered levels of metabolic parameters such as blood glucose, serum insulin, serum lipid profile, and oxidative stress markers were also reversed approximately to the normal values. In addition, morin treatment decreased liver index, serum liver enzyme activities, and fat/muscle ratio. Furthermore, morin relatively up-regulated GLUT2 expression, however, down-regulated NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-β expressions in the hepatic tissues. Here, we revealed that morin has an exquisite effect against metabolic disorders in the experimental model through, at least in part, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic mechanisms.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.123-128
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• 2019

The use of 16S rDNA is commonplace in the determination of prokaryotic species. However, it has limitations, and there are few studies at the genus level. We investigated conserved genes and metabolic pathways at the genus level in 28 strains of 13 genera of prokaryotes using the COG database (conserved genes) and MetaCyc database (metabolic pathways). Conserved genes compared to total genes (core genome) at the genus level ranged from 27.62%(Nostoc genus) to 71.76%(Spiribacter genus), with an average of 46.72%. The lower ratio of core genome meant the higher ratio of peculiar genes of a prokaryote, namely specific biological activities or the habitat may be varied. The ratio of common metabolic pathways at the genus level was higher than the ratio of core genomes, from 58.79% (Clostridium genus) to 96.31%(Mycoplasma genus), with an average of 75.86%. When compared among other genera, members of the same genus were positioned in the closest nodes to each other. Interestingly, Bacillus and Clostridium genera were positioned in closer nodes than those of the other genera. Archaebacterial genera were grouped together in the ortholog and metabolic pathway nodes in a phylogenetic tree. The genera Granulicella, Nostoc, and Bradyrhizobium of the Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria phyla, respectively, were grouped in an ortholog content tree. The results of this study can be used for (i) the identification of common genes and metabolic pathways at each phylogenetic level and (ii) the improvement of strains through horizontal gene transfer or site-directed mutagenesis.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.3 s.47
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• pp.569-579
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• 1994

The genetically determined ability to metabolize debrisoquine (DBR) is related to risk of lung cancer and DBR hydroxylation exhibits wide inter-individual variation. In this study, 100 korean adults were tested for their ability to metabolize DBR. The DBR metabolic phenotype were determined by metabolic ratio (MR, DBR / 4-HDBR) which is the percent dose excreted as unchanged DBR divided by the percent dose excreted as 4-hydroxyebrisoquine(4-HDBR) in a aliquot of an eight hour urine sample, after 10mg DBR test dose administration. Analysis was performed on a capillary gas chromatograph fitted with electron capture detector. The results were as follows; 1 Geometric mean of DBR MR was 0.32 in male,0.27 in female,0.30 in total and the distribution of log (MR) was seemed to follow normal distribution. 2. Metabolic ratio of DBR was higher in non-smoker and non-drinker than in smoker and drinker without any statistically significant difference. 3. None of personal factors was significantly related to DBR MR except age. 4. The DBR metabolic phenotype was extensive metabolizer(EM) 93, intermediate metabolizer(IM) 7 by traditional method and EM 98, IM 3 by Caporaso's method. The poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype was not found by either method. 5. Maximal expected PM phenotype was 0.36% by traditional method and 0.04% by Caporaso's method.