• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.17-27
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the decreasing effects of Korean garlic against the accumulation of mercury levels in maternal and fetal organs in pregnant Fischer 344 rats, based on the theory and information that neutral amino acids have protective effects against mercury poisoning and garlic contains a large of neutral amino acids. The results obtained are as follows: 1. On the 20th day of gestation, the maternal body weight in 20 mg/wt$\cdot$kg methyl mercuric chloride groups was 76.1% of those in control group, but those recovered to be 81.2% and 93.6% by treating with garlic (0.5 g/wt$\cdot$kg and 1.0 g/wt$\cdot$kg). 2. The mercury levels in maternal organs were reduced 6.2% and 47.2% (p<0.05) in kidney, 8.2% and 42.1% (p<0.05) in spleen, 9.7% and 40.9% (p<0.05) in blood, 35.6% (p<0.05) and 67.2% (p<0.05) in liver, 38.0% (p<0.05) and 57.6% (p<0.05) in brain, by treating with garlic (0.5 g/wt$\cdot$kg and 1.0 g/wt$\cdot$kg). 3. The mercury levels were reduced 22.4% and 44.3% (p<0.05) in placenta, and 34.7% (p<0.05) and 54.9% (p<0.05) in fetal body, by treating with garlic (0.5 g/wt$\cdot$kg and 1.0 g/wt$\cdot$kg). 4. The mercury levels in fetal organs were reduced 17.5% and 46.7% (p<0.05) in kidney, 15.1% and 37.0% (p<0.05) in brain, 30.2% (p<0.05) and 46.7% (p<0.05) in liver, by treating with garlic (0.5 g/wt$\cdot$kg and 1.0 g/wt$\cdot$kg). 5. Mercury levels in maternal kidney were 6.73~7.71 times higher than those in fetal kidney, but those in fetal liver and brain were 1.67~2.25 times and 1.98~2.93 times higher than those in maternal liver and brain, respectively. In conclusion, Korean garlic decrease the accumulation of mercury levels in maternal and fetal organs in pregnant Fischer 344 rats as increasing the dose.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.325-347
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological, clinicopathological, microbiological, pathological observations and other tests from sudden death in feedlot cattle at the region of Sarari in Korea during the period from 1994 to 1999. Massive or sporadic occurrence of sudden death has been observed in 101 heads of 47 farmhouse. There were 20.8% in spring, 29.7% in summer, 16.8% in autumn, 32.7% in winter, and 62.3% in reproductive, 27.7% in growing, 5.0% in beef cattle, 5.0% in calf in prevalence of sudden death in cattle. Enterotoxemia(88.0%), pneumonia(3.5%), intestinal diarrhea(3.5%), liver abscess(1.5%) and indigestion(1.5%) were detected from 67 heads of sudden death cattle. In clinical observations, cattle were generally died of sudden recumbency with convulsions followed anorexia, depression, ataxia, muscular tremor, tachycardia and dyspnea without any premonitory symptoms. Epidemiological surveys showed no evidence that other factors such as pesticide, insecticide, fertilizer, chemical drug3 and those of others caused sudden death. Macroscopically, there were coagulation disorders of blood, congestion, edema and haemorrhage of lung, congestion and haemorrhages, watery and blood-tinged contents of small intestine. Histopathologically, we observed pulmonary congestion and haemorrhage, necrotic intestinal mucosa accompanied with haemorrhage and congestion, and also increased globule leukocytes between bronchial epithelia with mild pneumonia. Clinicopathologically, only elevation of blood glucose and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) was detected. Magnesium and calcium deficiency were not detected, but parasites were detected highly in normal and dead cattles. Microbiologically, Clostridium(Cl) pefringens were detected from small intestinal contents of 94% (63/67) of sudden death cattle and 51%(51/101) of slaughter cattle, and the population were $10^{6-8}$/cfu/$m\ell$ after 16~32 hours. Consequently, it was proved that the cause of death in cattle was enterotoxemia. Pathogenic test of mouse and goat inoculated with Cl perfringens type A toxin has been demonstrated as similar observation to natural cases. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, ampicillin, bacitracin, polymycin, cephalothin, penicillin, choramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline were highly susceptible, and amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxine, sulfamethazine were resistant. Cl perfringens were resisted for 4 hours in 3% formalin, 20 minutes in 4% phenol, 20 minutes in 0.5% mercuric chloride and 40 minutes in 0.1% sodium hydroxide, respectively. The useful method to prevent from occurrance of enterotoxemia in feedlot cattle was a dietary administration of antibiotics and miyari acid.

• 환경생물
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.236-240
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• 2011

수은이 DNA 수복에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 E. fetida를 염화수은(II)과 이온화 방사선에 순차적으로 노출시킨 후, 단세포 겔 전기영동 기법을 이용하여 DNA의 손상 수준과 방사선 조사 후 시간 경과에 따른 수복 양상을 관찰하였다. 염화수은(II)의 농도를 40 mg $kg^{-1}$으로 하여 48시간 동안 in vivo 노출 시험을 수행한 뒤 20Gy의 감마선을 조사한 결과, 시간이 지날수록 대체로 DNA 손상의 수준이 감소했다. 이온화 방사선에 의해 손상된 DNA가 완전히 수복되기 위해 요구되는 시간을 비교해 보면, 수은과 감마선에 함께 노출된 E. fetida는 방사선 조사 후 약 37시간, 감마선만 조사한 실험군은 약 2.35시간이 지나고 난 뒤 손상된 DNA의 대부분이 수복되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 한편 E. fetida에 20 Gy의 감마선을 조사하면 방사선 조사가 끝나고 약 45분, 수은 처리 후 방사선을 조사하면 약 1시간 12분 정도가 경과한 시점에서 손상되었던 DNA의 절반이 수복되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 DNA 수복 속도가 빠른 구간을 도식화하여 그 기울기를 계산한 결과, 수은에 노출된 실험군의 DNA 수복률은 수은에 노출되지 않은 실험군보다 약 5배 정도 수복 속도가 느리다고 판단할 수 있었다. 손상된 DNA가 천천히 수복되는 구간을 수식으로 표현해 DNA의 미수복분율을 산출하면 방사선 단독처리군과 수은 및 방사선의 복합처리군의 미수복분율은 각각 0.4910과 0.9470로 나타난다. 미수복분율 값의 차는 수은에 의해 DNA의 정상적인 수복이 방해되었음을 의미한다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.115-134
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• 2017

A total number of 668 apparently healthy fish were obtained from farm to study the effect of two heavy metals (Copper and Mercury) on histopathology of liver, kidney, spleen, gills and muscles also residues in muscles. The $LC_{50}$/96 hr. of Cu and Hg were estimated and fish exposed to 1/2 $LC_{50}$ for 7 days and for 1/10 $LC_{50}$ for 8 weeks from each product separately. Histopathological findings in acute and chronic mercuric chloride toxicity revealed degeneration and necrosis in the glomeruli, interstitium tissue and epithelium lining renal tubules. The tubular epithelium became necrotic at several places. Eosinophilic hyaline droplets is exist in the cytoplasm of the necrosed cells. Degenerative changes and hyperactivity in melanomachrophage center was seen in the spleen together with some necrotic areas. Necrosis and aggregation of melanomachrophage were seen in the hepatic cells, Hepatic cells showed vacuolar degeneration in the hepatic cells. Gills showed loss in the lamellae of the filaments associated with edema, inflammatory cells infiltration and haemorrhages in the arch. The sarcoplasm of the bundles of the skeletal muscle showed granular degeneration and focal inflammatory cells infiltration between the hyalinized bundles. Mercury residues obtained from these studies in the acute toxicity were 0.22 ppm/gm in the 2nd day, 0.411 ppm/gm in the $5^{th}$ day ended with 0.96 ppm/gm in the $7^{th}$ day. In chronic toxicity it was 1.1320, 1.7140, 2.3620 and 3.5640 ppm/gm respectively from the $2^{nd}$ to the $8^{th}$ week of exposure. In acute and chronic copper toxicity, there was degenerative changes in renal tubules. Melanophores aggregation in the wall of the blood vessels of the spleen and depletion of some of the melanophores in the melanomachrophage were seen together with necrosis in some areas. Congested Mvs (Micro vessels) and vacuolation of hepatocytes were observed. Some areas of hemorrhage and melanophores vacuolar degeneration in the liver were seen. There was mitosis in some areas with displesia of hepatopancreatic cells and eosinophilic granular cells aggregation. Zymogen granules disappeared and there were dyplastic hepatocytes. Congestion in the blood vessels of the gill filaments, associated with massive number of granular eosinophilic cells infiltration were seen in the base of the filaments. There were sever vacuolization and hyalinization in the skeletal muscle bundles. Detection of residues of copper sulfate revealed increase of the amount of copper measured in ppm/gm comparing to the normal control starting from 0.60 ppm/g in the $2^{nd}$ day, 0.67 ppm/g in the $5^{th}$ day and 0.67 ppm/g in the $7^{th}$ day. Result obtained in chronic copper sulfate toxicity revealed gradual increase of the amount of copper which ranged from 0.18 ppm/g at the $2^{nd}$ week to 0.21 ppm/g in the $8^{th}$ week of exposure.

• 환경생물
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.68-73
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• 2011

E. fetida를 방사선과 수은에 각각 노출시킨 후, 체강세포를 추출하고 단세포 겔 전기영동 기법을 이용하여 DNA의 손상정도와 시간의 경과에 따른 수복 양상을 평가해 보았다. 그 결과, 방사선 조사 후의 시간이 경과할수록 대체로 DNA 손상정도가 감소했으며, 12시간 내에 모든 실험군의 DNA가 완전히 수복되었다. 정확한 수복 완료 시간을 알아보기 위해 OTM 값을 대조군과 비교해 보면 2.5와 5Gy는 방사선 조사 후 약 2시간, 10과 20 Gy는 약 3시간, 50 Gy는 약 12시간이 지나자 DNA가 완전히 회복된다고 판단할 수 있었다. 또한 지렁이를 80과 160 mg $kg^{-1}$ 농도의 염화수은(II)에 48시간 동안 노출시킨 후, 수은에 오염되지 않은 깨끗한 배양토에서 72시간을 다시 배양했을 때 손상된 DNA가 완전히 수복되었다. 본 연구 결과는 산화적 스트레스 인자에 대한 생물의 민감도를 측정하는 자료로 제시될 수 있으며, 향후 다양한 생물을 대상으로 실험을 진행한다면 동일한 유전독성 물질에 대한 생물종 간의 감수성을 비교 분석할수 있을 것이다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.191-212
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• 2000

Objective: This study was perfomled to examine the therapeutic effect of aqua-acupuncture solution of Hominis Placenta(HP) on kidney and liver intoxicated by $HgCI_2$ in rats. Methods: $10\%$ and $25\%$ HP aqua-acupuncture were carried out everyday for 8 days on corresponding bilateral loci of Shinsu(BL23) and Kansu(BL18), respectively, after mercuric chloride intoxication in rats. Thereafter BUN, creatinine, GOT, GPT, ALP, ${\gamma}$-GT, albumin and total bilirubin were measured before intoxication, and at the 4th and the 8th experimental day. Histopathological and immunochemical observation were also carried out. Results: 1. It showed significant decreases of BUN in the group of $10\%$ HP aqua-acupuncture into Shinsu on the 4th experimental day as compared with the control group. 2. It showed significant decreases of creatinine in the group of $10\%$ HP aqua-acupuncture into Shinsu on the 4th and the 8th experimental days as compared with the control group. 3. There were not any significant changes of GOT, GPT, ALP,${\gamma}$-GT, albumin and total bilirubin in the HP aqua-acupuncture groups compared with the control group. 4. By the histopathological observations on kidney under a light microscope, alt the $10\%$ and $25\%$ HP aqua-acupuncture into Shinsu showed the preventive effect on tubulo-interstitial necrosis and muItifocal calcification in tubular lumen respectively compared with the control group. 5. By the histopathological observations on liver under a light mIcroscope, the groups $10\%$ and $25\%$ HP aqua--acupuncture into Kansu did not show any significant changes in the liver compared with the control group. 6. By the immunochemical analysis of heat shock protein(hsp) and glucose-regulated protein(grp) in rat renal cortex, the expressions of hsp70 and grp78 were decreased in the $10\%$ and $25\%$ HP aqua-acupuncture into Shinsu respectively compared with the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that Hominis Placenta aqua-acupuncture have an effect on prevention and protection of renal intoxication by $HgCI_2$ in rats.