• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2009

As products are getting more diverse and new products are entering the market faster, customers have trouble learning how to use them. User-oriented menu structures may solve this problem. In order to design user-oriented menu structures, spreading activation theory has been studied. The spreading activation test shows that the strong associative relationship between words has shorter response times. Based on the spreading activation test, asymmetric spreading activation was introduced and a hypothesis that in a well-designed menu structure, association between upper-low menu pairs is not affected by an activation direction was tested for this study. In this study the menu of a cellular phone (Model: SPH-w2900) was extracted, and underwent 1st spreading activation tests. Then, on each menu pair, response time differences (asymmetric transition) by accuracy and directions were analyzed to find out problems in labels and improve menu structures and vocabulary. Second spreading activation tests were conducted to check whether asymmetric transitions decreased. The results showed that response time differences (asymmetric transition) for activation directions were found to be dropped significantly. Asymmetric transitions in spreading activation presented in this study will be helpful to define user-oriented menu structures.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.9-21
• /
• 2004

As menu structure of household appliance is complicated, user's cognitive workload frequently occurs errors. In existing studies, errors didn't present that interpretation for cognitive factors and alternatives, but are only considered as statistical frequency. Therefore, error classification and analysis in tasks is inevitable in usability evaluation. This study classified human error throughout information process model and navigation behavior. Human error is defined as incorrect decision and behavior reducing performance. And navigation is defined as unrelated behavior with target item searching. We searched and analyzed human errors and its causes as a case study, using mobile phone which could control appliances in near future. In this study, semantic problems in menu structure were elicited by SAT. Scenarios were constructed by those. Error analysis tests were performed twice to search and analyze errors. In 1st prototype test, we searched errors occurred in process of each scenario. Menu structure was revised to be based on results of error analysis. Henceforth, 2nd Prototype test was performed to compare with 1st. Error analysis method could detect not only mistakes, problems occurred by semantic structure, but also slips by physical structure. These results can be applied to analyze cognitive causes of human errors and to solve their problems in menu structure of electronic products.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
• /
• 1995.10a
• /
• pp.214-218
• /
• 1995

A lot of design guidelines have been proposed for menu-drive interfaces, but they are applicable only to the menus on ordinary CRT displays. Many hardware products, however, cannot employ large displays because of the cost and space limitations. Instead, a single-line display menu (SDM) is widely used, and the designers need useful guidelines applicable to the SDM. A focus is often placed upon the optimal menu structure, but only the standard menu structures, such as $64^{\1}, 8^{\2}, 4^{\3}, and 2^{\6}$, are tested for optimality. In many cases, however, ill defined or asymmetric structures are suggested as design alternatives. To determine the optimal menu structure, user performance should be obtained in terms of quantitative measures for each of the optional structures considered. Hence, a model is needed to provide a predicted value of user performance for a given menu structure. Although severaal models have been proposed for ordinary menus, none is available for the SDM yet. A performance model was developed in this study using the neural network approach. A The model developed in this study is capable of providing quantiative measures of human performance for any menu structures without conducting additional experiments, which will save much time and reduce the design cost.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.463-482
• /
• 2006

In this study we analyzed contents in terms of contents, menu, and labeling system to support the functions of children's library websites as an access tool to its contents. As a result, the main menu structure consisted of 15 categories that are commonly provided by 31 existing children's websites. Second, first-level categories consisted of total 57 categories under 15 main menu categories. The results showed that the contents in children's website design should consider the goals and function of children's library. Also the study implied that the contents provided by the site should use consistent and standardized menu structure and labels.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.157-163
• /
• 1996

A single line display menu (SDM) is widely used for the user interface of many electronic consumer products, and the designers need useful guidelines applicable to the SDM. In many studies on menus, major focus has been placed on the optimal menu structure, but only a few standard menu structures, such as $64^{1},8^{2},4^{3}$,and $2^{6}$ are usually tested for optimality. In many cases, however, ill defined or asymmetric structures are suggested as design alternatives. To determine the optimal menu structure, user performance should be obtained in terms of quantitative measures. Hence, a model is needed to provide a predicted value of user performance for a given menu structure. Altough several models have been proposed for ordinary menus, none is available for the SDM yet. To solve this problem a performance model was developed in this study using the neural network approach. This model is capable of providing quantitative measures of human performance for any menu structures without conducting additional experiments, which will save much time and reduce the design cost.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.5-27
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to present the direction of development of menu structure of museum web site through menu structure and content analysis of domestic museum web sites. To this end, menu structure was divided into content areas for 27 national, public, and university museums in Korea and analyzed in terms of organizing system, labeling system, and navigation system, which are components of information architecture. The results of the study suggested continuous management, including hierarchy of appropriate width and depth, use of clear and consistent labels, provision of collection search functions and updating the status of collections, and correction of web site errors, in the direction of development.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.61-75
• /
• 2000

To enhance web site's usability, it has been suggested that the depth of tree structured menus should be minimized. In this research, experimental results are reported to quantitatively compare the methods currently used for reducing the depth of menus in web sites. 25 popular web sites were selected and their menu types were categorized into four types: top menu, drop-down menu, boolean menu, and table of contents. The four types of menu were then sub-categorized into 15 different types according to their sub-menu type, existence of menu colors, and the event occurring after mouse activation. Performance tests and subjective evaluation were carried out. The results showed that there were no significant differences in terms of response time among the 15 menu types, while table of contents and drop-down in which the first and second level of menus were visible induced the least number of errors. In the subjective test, the top-menu structure with colors and presentation of its sub-menu without clicking mouse were preferred.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.27-45
• /
• 2003

PDAs(Personal Digital Assistants), one of the typical mobile devices, are examined in this study to identify the factors affecting their usability. This study focuses on the menu design of PDAs. Three factors including menu extension method, menu structure, and screen orientation were manipulated in a usability experiment. Task completion times, error rates, and degree of subjective satisfaction were measured. Guidelines for designing a PDA menu are proposed based on the experimental results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
• /
• 2012.05a
• /
• pp.91-92
• /
• 2012

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.39-59
• /
• 2006

In this study we proposed a new informational structure and category labels to fully support the functions of school websites as an access tool to its contents. The proposed model was divided into three main aspects. First, main menu structure was the primary guideline to access information embedded in a website. Therefore, The proposed main menu structure consisted of 9 categories that are commonly provided by 17 existing school websites. Second, first-level categories consisted of total 35 categories under 9 main menu categories. Each category was placed under certain categories in main menu based on the relationships with the meaning of the upper level categories. Third, the proposed model adopted general and comprehensive terms as category labels. The terms used as category labels were based on the analysis of existing category labels, and the most frequently used terms were selected from the current school websites.