• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.114-123
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to report the result and the satisfaction of Korean medicine treatment for patients with dysmenorrhea who participated in support program of Jeollabuk-do. Methods: The subjects of this study were 33 volunteers, suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. As the 'Dysmenorrhea Treatment Project', we conducted a dysmenorrhea program at 22 Korean medicine clinic and 1 Korean medicine hospital in Jeollabuk-do. From May to December 2018, we conducted the program and assessed the effect and satisfaction twice after first two menstrual cycles after Korean medicine treatment through questionnaire. They were treated by Korean medicine treatment such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, moxibustion, heat therapy, physical therapy and others in 2017. The results were measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and multidimensional verbal rating scale (MVRS) of overall pain. The disturbance in school activity for menstrual period and satisfaction of Korean medicine treatment were investigated by continuous rating scales. Results: The VAS score of overall pain was decreased significantly. Also the amount of the analgesic taken for menstrual period and the degree of disturbance in school activity were decreased significantly. Besides, the satisfaction of Korean medicine treatment was increased. Conclusions: This study might suggest that the Korean medicine treatment on dysmenorrhea is effective.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.253-260
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• 2013

This study was focused on the relationships between menstrual history and psychological variables in middle school girls. The study included 165 students. Self image, optimism and self-efficacy are measured structured questionnaires each. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe's test. The proportion of the students with bleeding period less than 7 days was higher in the group with high self image(p=.002). The self image was higher in the group who take analgesics occasionally than the group who take daily(p=.009) and in the group with irregular menstruation(p=.024). Emotional tone was higher in the group with irregular menstruation(p=.008), and psychopathology was higher in the group who take analgesics occasionally(p=.008). Family relationship was higher in the group with bleeding period less than 7 days(p=.004), in the group who take analgesics occasionally(p=.007) and in the group with irregular menstruation(p=.015). Mastery and coping was higher in the group with bleeding period less than 7 days(p=.026). Adaptation was higher in the group with irregular menstruation(p=.034). Also optimism was higher in the group with bleeding period less than 7 days(p=.005), in the group who experienced menorrhalgia a few years after menarche(p=.014) and the group with irregular menstruation(p=.027). Self-efficacy was higher in the group of polymenorrhea(p=.029). Because menstruation is related with psychiatric factors, it is necessary to ask menstruation history and psychiatric status. This study can be used in the development of the questionnaire for the oriental medical examination.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.723-729
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between female college students' stress level and premenstrual syndrome so that it can provide baseline data on how to cope with the syndrome. The study subjects are 250 female college students in Gyungbook area. This study chose 199 appropriate subjects and collected data. As per general menstrual phases, this study investigated the age when one had her first period, regularity and duration of period, and amount of bleeding. It used a measurement tool to measure stress level and premenstrual syndrome. Most of the subjects experienced their first period before the age of 13. The menstrual period was irregular with the duration of less than 7 days. 123 subjects had normal amount of bleeding. 121 subjects were experiencing high level of stress over 2.4. The correlation between the level of stress and premenstrual syndrome factors showed significant static correlation for each factor. Especially, the correlation between digestive system and response of autonomic nervous system was .996 and negative emotion and behavioral change was .635, and negative emotion and pain was .614 which were relatively high. The regression analysis of factors of premenstrual syndrome depending on the subjects' stress level indicated that response of autonomic nervous system had the biggest effect in the low stress group while behavioral change, negative emotion, pain, decreased concentration, water congestion, response of autonomic nervous system, and skin change had the biggest effect in the high stress group with statistical significance. Based on the result, it can be said that higher premenstrual stress is closely related to the premenstrual syndrome one experiences for some female college students.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of auricular acupressure on menstrual pain, difficulties in daily life, negative feelings and autonomic nervous responses among college students. Methods: A Randomized Controlled Trial design was used. The treatment group A (n=12) receivedauricular acupressure therapy on the first or second day of their menstrual period. Treatment group B (n=18) regularly received an auricular acupressure therapy once a week for a month. The control group (n=19) received no auricular acupressure therapy. An independent t-test was used to examine pre-post test differences in the group. The ANOVA and Scheffe test were used to examine pre-post test differences among the group. Results: Subjects in treatment group A showed significantly less menstrual pain, difficulties in daily life, and negative feelings than the control group did. The participants in treatment group B also showed significantly less difficulties in daily life and negative feelings than the control group. Conclusion: The findings support that auricular acupressure therapy on menstrual periods is effective in controlling menstrual pain, difficulties in daily life, and negative feelings. As the method is simple, it would be useful for female students to learn to use this method to alleviate the symptoms related to menstruation through self care.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.161-173
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• 2022

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture in patients with primary menstrual difficulties taking NSAIDs. Methods: 30 women with primary menstrual difficulties with NSAIDs were assigned to treatment groups (n=15) and control groups (n=15). On their first visit, both groups were provided with a menstrual diary and were required to record the intensity of pain and the dosage of painkillers during each menstrual cycle. The treatment group received two acupuncture treatments per cycle during two cycles, and the control group did not receive acupuncture. Pain strength during menstruation was evaluated using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the total number of painkillers taken during menstruation and the average number of painkillers taken during a single dose was measured. Results: The treatment group had significant pain relief compared to the pre-test group and significant differences from the control group. In addition, there was a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group in the frequency of taking painkillers during the menstrual period and the dose in the test group was significantly lower than before treatment. Conclusions: This clinical trial showed that this acupuncture can help alleviate primary menstruation and reduce the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.162-170
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to differentiate between women with three perimenstrual symptom severity patterns : premenstrual syndrome(PMS), premenstrual magnification(PMM), and low symptom(LS), and to explore the related dietary factors to premenstrual symptoms. Method: Women were asked to keep a diary record of perimenstrual symptoms and food intake for 50 days. Result: Symptom patterns were defined for 26 among 38 women ; Eight(21.1%) demonstrated a PMS pattern, three(7.9%) demonstrated a PMM pattern, and fifteen(39.5%) exhibited a LS pattern. There were significant differences in symptom scores during the premenstrual phase($x^2=19.30$, p=.000), menstrual phase($x^2=13.32$, p=.001), and post menstrual phase($x^2=9.93$, p=.007) for three groups. Protein, vit E, vit C, niacin, folic acid, and phosphorus in the premenstrual phase, and energy, and vit B6 in the menstrual period were significantly different between the three groups. Among dietary compositions, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, natrium, vit B6, niacin, and vit E were negatively related to PMS symptoms. Conclusion: Pattern of perimenstrual symptoms should be differentiated for individualized PMS management. As a more efficient diet assessment for PMS women, randomized nutritional analysis during the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle should be done and a replication study is necessary with a larger sample.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moxibustion heat therapy(Koryo hand acupuncture) on menstrual cramps. dysmenorrhea and ADL. The experiment was carried out during the period from March 24 to April 30, 2003. The subjects in the study were drawn from female students attending two colleges in Chungcheongbuk-do and Kyunggi-do. Of all those subjects. 19 and 14 subjects were assigned to the experimental and the control groups respectively. The moxibustion heat therapy were performed three times a week, subjects were treated twice a time. Data was analyzed using SPSS/WIN10.0 by $x^2$test. Wilcoxon sign rank. and Wilcoxon rank sum test. The result of this study were as follows : 1) After moxibustion heat therapy. the graphic rating score of menstrual cramps was decreased significantly from 7.79(SD=1.22) to 4.47(SD=2.25) in experimental group(z=-3.731. p=.000). And there was significant difference in the change of graphic rating score of menstrual cramps between both groups(z=-3.637. p=.000). 2) After moxibustion heat therapy. the score of face rating scale of menstrual cramps was decreased significantly from 3.95(SD=0.71) to 2.32(SD=1.00) in experimental group(z=-3.457. p=.000). And there was significant difference in the change of face rating score between both groups(z=-2.713. p=.007). 3) After moxibustion heat therapy. the score of adjective labor pain rating scale rank (ALPRS) of menstrual cramps was decreased significantly from 23.63(SD=4.19) to 17.27(SD=6.34) in experimental group(z=-2.941. p=.001). But there was no significant difference in the change of adjective labor pain rating score(ALPRS) of menstrual cramps between both groups(z=-1.918. p=.059). 4) After moxibustion heat therapy. the score of dysmenorrhea was decreased significantly from 7.0(SD=2.89) to 5.26(SD=3.54) in experimental group(z=-2.183. p=.029). But there was no significant difference in the change of the score of dysmenorrhea between both groups(z =-1.555. p=.125). 5) After moxibustion heat therapy, the score of ADL difficulty was decreased significantly from 33.26(SD=4.58) to 28.83(SD=9.44) in experimental group(z=-3.552. p=.000). And there was significant difference in the change of score of difficulty of ADL between both groups(z=-4.110. p=.000). The above finding indicated that the moxibustion heat therapy showed a practical effect on reducing menstrual cramps, dysmenorrhea and ADL difficulty in female. Accordingly. we can adopt the moxibustion heat therapy as a useful intervention in the community nursing.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.274-278
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• 2016

In order to analyze the pathomechanisms of dysmenorrhea and efficiency of DSOM(diagnosis system of oriental medicine), clinical test was performed for 541 childbearing women having menstrual pain in P metropolitan city. The experimental group was composed of subjects who experience discomfort in daily life or interpersonal activities caused by menstrual pain with scores of 4 or above on the measurement of menstrual pain (MMP). The control group was composed of subjects reporting little or no discomfort with scores of 3 or below on the MMP. The menstrual period measurements were taken within 2-3 days following the first day of menstruation, when menstrual pain is at its peak. While non-menstrual period measurement were within 7-10 days after the last day of menstruation. The dampness pathomechanism was yielded most frequently in both groups, and then heart、heat、blood deficiency、cold、qi deficiency、phlegm、qi congestion、blood stasis in order. And the significant differences were in the pathomechanisms of blood deficiency、blood stasis、qi congestion、five viscera、phlegm and cold between the two groups. This means that general pathomechanisms of childbearing women in twenties mainly are dampness and heat, especially the experimental group has mostly disharmony of six qi and/but then move to insufficiency and stagnation of qi and blood and then to visceral disease pattern having statistically significant difference. Moreover in the two times of investigation, the output of pathomechanisms in each group has similar pattern in the same group. Therefore it can be concluded that the results of pathomechanisms by DSOM were in accordance with existing pattern classifications of dysmenorrhea in general and the DSOM showed reproducibility and stability in the data processing of questionnaires.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to identity the relationship between PMS and menstrual attitudes. Method: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analysed using the SPSS WIN 11.0. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature($2.76{\pm}.97$), anxiety($2.76{\pm}1.09$), and impulsivity($2.72{\pm}1.02$). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of grade(F=3.414, p=.018), major(F=2.755, P=.004), menarche age(F=5.910, p=.003), pain(F=7.886, p=.000), family history(F=5.366, p=.005). 3) Menstrual attitudes was significantly different according to the general characteristics of grade(F=3.315, p=.020), major(F=3.813, P=.000), religion(F=6.313, p=.000), interval of menstruation(F=2.834, p=.016), pain(F=3.059, p=.048), family history(F=3.062, p=.048). 4) Menstrual attitudes and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.112, p=.002). Conclusion: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and menstrual attitudes. For further research, it is recommended to identity major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.85-99
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• 2023

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a complex manual therapy program on hip and knee pain occurring together with menstrual pain and iliotibial band tightness in a woman with sacroiliac joint dysfunction. Methods: This study was carried out over a period of 3 months by dividing the treatment process into three sequential stages. Intensities of menstrual pain, hip pain, and knee pain, and hip range of motion (ROM) in the participant were assessed at baseline and at the end of each stage, and a modified intervention was applied according to results of assessments after each stage. Results: There was a decrease in the intensity of menstrual pain after the first and third stages of treatment, and there were reductions in the intensities of hip and knee pain after the third stage. Hip ROM was rather decreased after the second stage, but it was increased after the third stage. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that treatment of the instability and positional fault of sacroiliac joint can relieve hip and knee pain, improve hip ROM, and alleviate primary dysmenorrhea in patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction.