• 셀메드
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.18.1-18.4
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• 2015

Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological disorder in women of reproductive age. The prevalence of menstrual pain is relatively high and has been shown to be related to many factors like age, age at menarche, menstrual cycle regularity, parity, cigarette smoking, and dietary habits etc. This study was conducted to determine the possible link between dysmenorrhea and the factors related to it. We investigated the associated risk factors that could influence menstrual pain. This Cross Sectional Study was conducted at Dept. of OBG, NIUM, Bangalore. The study consisted of 230 women between the ages of 20 - 49 years. Included volunteers were newly married, nulliparious and parous women. The detailed reproductive history was recorded and was analyzed statistically. It was observed that there were only two factors that were influencing Dysmenorrhea namely the early age at menarche and increase parity. It was hypothesis that earlier start to reproductive life in some way decreases the sensitivity of the uterus to prostaglandin, whereas delayed menarche and postponing reproductive life increase sensitivity of the uterus to prostaglandins and cause severe menstrual pain. It is concluded that early age at menarche and high parity decrease menstrual pain.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 1998

Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PGs), and exists in two forms, COX-1 and COX-2. COX has been reported to be involved in early implantation by secretion of PGs which causes permeability of vessels and reaction of decidual cells around the implantation site. Recently, in mice and sheep studies, COX-1 and COX-2 expression in the endometrium has been reported to be different according to implantation and stages of the estrous cycle, but expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle has not yet been established. The purpose of this study was to observe the variances of COX-1 and COX-2 expression by immunohistochemical staining in endometrial samples obtained from human hysterectomy specimens and biopsies of women of reproductive age according to different stages of the menstrual cycle. Also, we attempted to observe COX-1 and COX-2 expression in the epithelial and stromal cells of the endometrium obtained during the mid-secretory phase, which were cultured separately. COX-2 showed a cyclic pattern of expression according to the different stages of the menstrual cycle and was strongly expressed particularly at the mid-secretory phase which corresponds to the time of implantation. However, COX-1 tended to be increased in the early proliferative, and mid- and late secretory phases, but was also expressed in the whole menstrual cycle showing no particular pattern. In the separately cultured cells COX-1 was expressed in epithilial cells and COX-2 in the stromal cells. The above results suggest that since COX-2 is expressed at the same time as implantation and cultured cells display a specific secretory pattern, COX-2 has inductive endocrine enzyme properties and has an important effect on endometrial cells during implantation. Also, COX-2 expression in endometrial cells may be utilized as a useful marker of endometrial maturation.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2012

Purpose: Dysmenorrhea is mostly depending on the causative factor, which usually falls under the categories of Cold and Heat pattern in traditional Oriental medical theories and diagnosis. Thus, we investigated menstruation symptom and sign related to dysmenorrhea and verified the validity of Cold and Heat pattern identification. Methods: We investigated menstruation symptom and sign related to dysmenorrhea in total 14 gynecology-medical books including ${\ll}$Exemplar Of Korean Medicine (Dongui Bogam)${\gg}$ and whole body symptom and sign identifying Cold and Heat pattern at the same time. A survey based on this investigation was carried out targeting women of childbearing age. Results: According to 14 gynecology-medical books, polymenorrhea is relevant to Heat pattern, oligomenorrhea to Cold pattern and darkness of menstrual blood is relevant to Heat pattern. Among the total of 343 womens, 196 subjects suffered from dysmenorrhea. The number of dysmenorrhea with polymenorrhea(Heat pattern) was 6 person, with oligomenorrhea(Cold pattern) was 27 person. And the number of dysmenorrhea with darkness of menstrual blood(Heat pattern) was 39 person. As the result of checking correlations of menstrual symptom scores and whole body symptom scores, there was no significance of Cold and Heat pattern between menstrual symptoms and whole body symptoms. Conclusions: The results suggest that the period of menstrual cycle and the color of menstrual blood provides some informations of Cold and Heat pattern identification. But considering with other whole body symptom and sign is needed for more precise result.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1655-1660
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• 2001

여성의 생리주기가 행동성 체온조절에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고자, 본 연구에서는 6명의 건강한 여자대 학생을 대상으로 하여 22.5$^{\circ}C$와 55%RH의 환경에서 피험자 스스로가 의복을 선택하는 쾌적의복선택 실험과 피험자 스스로가 온도를 선택하는 쾌적 온도선택 실험을 각각 수행하였다. 평균피부온은 생리주기에 관계없이 쾌적온도선택 실험보다 쾌적의복선택 실험에서 높게 유지되었고, 생리주기에 따른 쾌적착의량과 쾌적온도의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 그러나, 6명의 피험자 중 4명의 피험자가 선택하여 착용한 착의량은 황체기보다 여포기에 더 많았고 (p<0.05), 5명의 피험자가 선택한 쾌적온도 역시 황체기보다 여포기에 평균 1.4$^{\circ}C$ 더 높은 것으로 나타났다 (p<0.01). 이러한 결과는, 피부의 온도를 조절함으로써 여포기보다 황체기에 심부체온을 높게 유지하기 위한 행동성 체온조절반응을 나타낸 것으로 보이나, 보다 명확한 결론을 내리기 위해서는 다양한 환경조건에서 다수의 피험자를 대상으로 하는 후속연구가 지속적으로 수행되어 야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1987

It was the purpose of this study to determine if the changes in the sense of taste occur with the periods of the menstrual cycle in 14 women aged 20 to 22 years. Results showed that the perceived intensity responses to different suprathreshold salt concentrations and the ad libitum salting level in soybean sprout soup did not differ significantly according to the different periods of the menstrual cycle. But women in the three or five days period previous to menstruation were sensi\ulcornertive at the lower salt concentration of 0.25%, but, on the contrary, were insensitive at the higher concentration of 1.25%, with increasing ad libitum salt preference in soybean sprout soup. Also, they were more or less high in the intensity slopes of perceived saltiness on the linear regression. The data suggests that a physiological mechanism for increasing salt intake may develop during the three or five days right before menstruation.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2016

Purpose: This study is an explorative survey to examine emotional labor, stress, and premenstrual syndrome among hospital nurses and to examine relationships among them. Methods: Data were collected from 228 nurses working at hospitals using structured questionnaires from September to October, 2014. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 by frequency, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Score of emotional labor was different by work time per week (F=4.03, p=.019), and menstrual amount (F=5.18, p=.006). Level of stress was different by marital status (t=2.29, p=.023), pattern of work (t=-3.63, p<.001), work time per week (F=3.39, p=.035), regularity of menstrual cycle (t=-4.20, p<.001), and exercise frequency (F=4.28, p=.015). Scores of premenstrual syndrome were different by regularity of menstrual cycle (t=-3.18, p=.002), and menstrual amount (F=5.88, p=.003). Emotional labor was related with perceived stress (r=.40, p<.001) and premenstrual syndrome (r=.23, p<.001). Also, perceived stress was related with premenstrual syndrome (r=.33, p<.001). Conclusion: Nurses' emotional labor, stress, and premenstrual syndrome were higher than the average. Emotional labor was correlated with stress and premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual syndrome with stress. This study shows that it is necessary to understand these relationships and to search for nursing intervention to ease emotional labor, stress, and premenstrual syndrome.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한불임학회 2001년도 제41차 추계학술대회
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• pp.91-91
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• 2001

• 대한암한의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study is to report the effect of Yikwiseungyang-tang-gagam-bang on Dysmenorrhea with Adenomyosis. Methods: The patient was a secondary dysmenorrhea with adenomyosis accompanied by menorrhagia. She took 2 packs of herbal medicine, Yikwiseungyang-tang-gagam-bang, a day, and received acupuncture treatment at point of CV 4, EX-CA1, CV 12, LI 4, LR 3, SP 6, ST 36 three times a week for two menstrual cycle. Results: After treatment, menstrual pain was reduced from VAS 10 to 1. In addition, menstrual fluid volume also were reduced from VAS 10 to 6. The quality of life is also improved, so sleep and digestion problems improved. Conclusion: This study suggests that Oriental medicine treatment including Yikwiseungyang-tang-gagam-bang may have the efficacy for the treatment of Dysmenorrhea with Adenomyosis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 1999

Many factors may affect periodontal changes during the physiologic conditions of woman(e.g. puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause). Recently many research has focused on the immunological changes of host, but the exact mechanism is not clear. Collagen is a major constituent of periodontium, and collagenase specifically digests the collagen and plays a role in destruction of periodontal tissue. So, I suppose that it participates with the cytokines in the inflammation of gingiva and vascular response during the changes of female sex hormones. Because there are some evidences of the existence of the receptors of estrogen and progesterone in the gingiva, it may be a target tissue of female sex hormones. In this experiment, gingival fibroblast and periodontal ligament cell were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of estrogen or progesterone corresponding to the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Collagenase activity of the supernatant of culture media was determined by Spectrophotometric collagenase assay. The enzyme activity was calculated by the % decrease of the coated collagen. 1. The estrogen at both concentrations had no effect on the activity of collagenase of the gingival fibroblast. 2. The progesterone had some effect on the collagenase activity of the gingival fibroblast at low and high concentration of menstrual cycle, and elevated the enzyme activity at all range of pregnancy concentrations. 3. In periodontal ligament cells, estrogen elevated the enzyme activity at the early pregnancy concentration and progesterone elevated at the concentration just before menstruation. In this experiment, pregesterone elevated the collagenase activity of gingival fibroblast and periodontal ligament cells. But the mechanism of the up-regulation of the enzyme activity was not confirmed. The more experiments of direct effect of progesterone on gingival at the molecular level(e.g. northern blot analysis) can reveal the exact mechanism.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2007

Purpose: Oligomenorrhea is clinically important because it can be progressed to amenorrhea. The purpose of this study is to analyse Autonomic Nerve Function of some oligomenorrheic patients by using HRV(Heart Rate Variability). Methods: We studied 35 patients visiting OO Oriental Hospital from 1st November 2006 to 31th May 2007. One woman who takes antidepressant is excluded. 17 oligomenorrheic group and 17 normal menstrual cycle group were compared with HRV. The SPSS 12.0 for windows was used to analyze the data and Mann Whitney U-test were used to verify the results. Results: Mean PR, LF norm, LF/HF ratio of oligimenorrheic group are higher than normal menstrual cycle group. But there is no statistically significance. SDNN, RMS-SD, ln TP, ln VLF, ln LF, ln HF, HF norm of oligimenorrheic group are lower than normal menstrual cycle group. But there is no statistically significance. Conclusion: It can be suggested that oligomenorrhea can be related to increased activities of sympathetic nerve and decreased activities of general autonomic nerve function. But, we need study with more subjects for settling this.