• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 2004년도 Workshop
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• pp.57-68
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• 2004

A demonstrative operation of a membrane system with its caparity of 3,600m$^3$/d was carried out using reservoir water as raw water for the application of membrane filtration system to drinking water treatment. The operation was undertaken at a constant flux of 0.9 m$^3$/m$^2$/d for three months. Backwashing with NaClO of 3 ppm was allowed for 30 seconds every 20 minutes of filtration. Physical cleaning was introduced after 69 times of filtration/backwashing cycle with air-scrubbing and backwashing for 1 minute, and flushing for 2 minutes. In this study, water treatment performance was investigated compared with the existing rapid sand filtration process. The membrane system was operated with no significant problems during the test period. Higher water quality was obtained in the membrane filtration than in the rapid sand filtration in terms of particulate matters such as turbidity and microbes. Although the finished water of the membrane filtration contained slightly higher concentration in dissolved matters than that of the conventional one, it met the drinking water standard. The demonstrative operation showed that membrane filtration has a reliability in drinking water treatment. Researches should be needed on cost analysis through long-term operation and optimization of operation condition for further application.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2008

Many other countries have investigated the new backwash water treatment process to save the existing water resource. There are various methods for reusing backwash water, but the membrane system has received the most interest for its efficiency. The objective of this study was to certify the application of membrane filtration system for the backwash water treatment. The experiment equipment was composed of Lab scale tubular membrane filtration system. Generally, cross-flow operation mode is used in the tubular membrane system but cross-flow operation mode demands high electric cost mainly for the pump energy. So to cut off electric cost, dead-end operation mode was used in this experiment. Filtration and bleed operation cycle was used in this membrane system. Backwash water was concentrated during the filtration process and when backwash water reached our target suspended solid concentration, it was discharged from this system. For efficient operation of filtration and bleed, mathematical matrix was drawn up and with this matrix we could simulate various sets of filtration and bleed time.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.717-725
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• 2002

A bench-scale submerged-type membrane filtration system (SMFS) was constructed to study a feasibility of membrane filtration for solid-liquid separation in water and wastewater treatment processes. In the case of applying the SMFS to a biological wastewater treatment process, so-called membrane bioreactor, aeration underneath membrane modules is usually employed in order to provide oxygen demand for microbial growth as well as to control membrane fouling. A study was investigated the effects of operation parameters by aeration intensity, feed concentration, foulant type and airlift pore size on critical flux. Critical flux tends to increase with aeration rate. Optimal aeration flow rate was found to be 10 L/min/module. Feed concentration and foulant type has a significant effect on membrane fouling and filtration performance. But downward position and pore size of airlift has no a significant effects on membrane fouling and filtration performance.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.855-864
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• 2009

The main object of this work was to determine the influence of periodic chemical backwash on filtration resistance in membrane filtration system. In this work Hermia's models were used to investigate the fouling mechanisms involved in the microfiltration of $0.45{\mu}m$ filtered sewage feed. Batch microfiltration experiments were performed at transmembrane pressure 0.4 bar and different feed SCOD concentration (9~67 mgSCOD/L). The results showed that the best fit to experimental data corresponded to the intermediate blocking model followed by the standard and complete blocking model for all the experimental conditions tested. From the simulation results of filtration performance, it was found that in order to maintain sustainable operation of membrane filtration system, irreversible foulant component accumulated continuously on membrane surface and/or pore must be effectively removed. In addition, it was verified that periodic chemical backwash using NaOCl or NaOH effectively improved filtration performance of membrane.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.373-383
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• 2018

Fouling by solids and microorganisms is the major obstacle limiting the efficient use of membrane wastewater treatment. In our previous study, two stages microalgae/membrane filtration system was proposed to treat anaerobic digested palm oil mill effluent (AnPOME). This two stages microalgae/membrane filtration system had showed great potential for the treatment of AnPOME with high removal of COD, $NH_3-N$, $PO_4{^{3-}}$, TSS, turbidity, and colour. However, fouling behavior of the membrane in this two stages microalgae/membrane filtration system was still unknown. In this study, empirical models that describe permeate flux decline for dead-end filtration (pore blocking - complete, intermediate, and standard; and cake layer formation) presented by Hermia were used to fit the experimental results in identifying the fouling mechanism under different experimental conditions. Both centrifuged and non-centrifuged samples were taken from the medium with 3 days RT intervals, from day 0 to day 12 to study their influence on fouling mechanisms described by Hermia for ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) filtration mode. Besides, a more detailed study on the use of resistance-in-series model for deadend filtration was done to investigate the fouling mechanisms involved in membrane filtration of AnPOME collected after microalgae treatment. The results showed that fouling of UF and NF membrane was mainly caused by cake layer formation and it was also supported by the analysis for resistance-in-series model. Whereas, fouling of RO membrane was dominated by concentration polarization.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1997년도 심포지움시리즈 Jan-97 수처리용 분리막 기술 및 응용
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• pp.55-62
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• 1997

In Japan, the membrane filtration is becoming a common technology for municipal water supply system especially for small plant. 6 years before (1991), the national research project of membrane filtration for small plant has started. The project was named as "MAC 21", MEMBRANE AQUA CENTURY 21. In the project the Ministry of Health and Welfare, 8 universities and 18 water treatment plant companies have been involved. This was the first attempt to research a common theme in joint with government, universities and private companies. After three years, the guide line for membrane filtration application for small plant has been established. This has promoted to install some actual plant. And also, another joint research for "RESEARCH OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION FOR ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT" has started in 1994 and completed in March, 1997. The project was named as MAC21. In the former project the main objectives were removal of turbidity and bacteria from water. However, in new project the objective was establishment of the further advanced membrane filtration technology which would be applicable for trace chemical components removal such as tri-halo-methane pre-courser, agricultural chemicals removal, offensive smell and taste removal and virus removal. For the objectives, application of nanofiltration and hybrid-system, a combination of micro-filtration ultra-filtration with biological, ozone and activated carbon treatment process have been studied. In addition, application of membrane filtration for treatment of back-wash waste water originated from membrane filters and conventional sand filters has.been studied. At the end of March of this year, about 30 membrane filtration plants are actually supplying the water, the total treatment capacity is about 6,000 m$^{3}$/day and another 20 will be installed within one year.led within one year.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.445-448
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• 2008

The application of the membrane filtration process has been increased for the drinking water treatment system because of excellent quality of treated water compared with the sand filtration process. The selection of suitable pre-treatment processes and optimum flux according to the characteristics of raw water are important factors for the design of membrane processes. In this study, the most efficient pre-treatment processes for drinking water was selected by investigating the effects of pre-treatment processes on the operational stability of the membrane filtration process. Both lab-scale and pilot-scale experiments were conducted. In the lab-scale test, the effect of pre-treatment processes on the stability of the membrane filtration process was investigated indirectly by comparing the performance of membrane flux for raw water, pre-treated water, and membrane permeated water. In the pilot-scale test, the usefulness of prefiltration processes was assessed by comparing the performance of single membrane process and hybrid coagulation-membrane process. The results indicated that the coagulation process contributed to the stabilization of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) by removing contaminants on membranes, though the pre-filtration process had little effect on the TMP.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2018

The water containing soluble manganese may cause problems such as discolored water, unpleasant taste, fouling or scaling of pipes in water distribution system, and so on. Conventional water treatment processes using sand filtration or sedimentation after oxidation, however, cannot often meet manganese standard for drinking water. Two types of oxidants, potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), were utilized at the same time for manganese oxidation, and then the precipitated manganese oxides were removed by low pressure membrane filtration in this study. In batch experiments, the multiple injection of both oxidants showed more effective manganese removal than did the single injection using either of them. Moreover, the deterioration of manganese removal at low temperature was less serious for the multiple injection than that for the single injection. Manganese removal by the continuous system of oxidation by multiple injection combined with membrane filtration was higher than those by batch experiments at the same oxidation conditions. In addition, less membrane fouling was observed for membrane filtration with oxidation during continuous membrane filtration than membrane filtration without oxidation. These results indicate that the oxidation by multiple injection coupled with membrane filtration was efficient and applicable to actual water treatment for manganese removal.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1992년도 춘계 총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.9-10
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• 1992

The Cassette system is a newly developed member of the range of Membrane Filtration Systems, designed for the ultrafiltration or microfiltraion of large volumes of fluid with main application emphasis being on water filtration.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.598-607
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• 2004

In this study, the effects of two pre-treatment processes were observed prior to membrane filtration: pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation. To compare the effect of two above-mentioned pre-treatments, we adopted the four schemes: first one is direct membrane filtration of river surface water, second one is membrane filtration after pre-coagulation, third one is membrane filtration after pre-ozonation and fourth one is membrane filtration after pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation. There are two exceptional characteristics in applied processes. One is the usage of the MF membrane which has high ozone resisting characteristic. Therefore, ozone resides in membrane module during filtration. The other is adoption of Jet Mixed Separator (JMS) as coagulation-sedimentation process. The change in transmembrane pressure and permeate water quality were also examined. As a result, considering the filtration performance efficiency and permeate water quality, the process composed of filtration with combination of both pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation was proved most effective. The improved efficiency was due to the reduction of loading rate of fouling inducing materials to membrane module by coagulation process as well as variable reactions, such as degradation, particle destabilization and coagulation, occurred by residual ozone in membrane module. The additional effect of pre-coagulation before pre-ozonation is suppression of AOC, one of the by-products induced by ozonation. Therefore, combination of pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation is the effective process to overcome the major de-merit of ozonation i.e. by-products formation.