• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.214-221
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• 2008

Purpose: We make a qualitative analysis of whether Fusion SPECT/CT can find lesion's anatomical sites better than existing SPECT or not, and we want to show the usefulness of SPECT/CT through finding out effects of CT attenuation correction on SPECT images. Materials and Method: 1. The evaluation of fusion images: This study comprised patients who was tested $^{131}I$-MIBG, Bone, $^{111}In$-Octreotide, Meckel's diverticulum, Parathyroid MIBI with Precedence 16 or Symbia T2 from 2008 Jan to Aug. We compared SPECT/CT image with non fusion image and make a qualitative analysis. 2. The evaluation of attenuation correction: We classified 38 patients who was tested 201Tl myocardial exam with Symbia T2 into 5 sections by using Cedars Sinai' QPS program - Ant, Inf, Lat, Septum, Apex. And we showed each section's perfusion states by percentage. We compared the each section's perfusion-states differences between CT AC and Non AC by average${\pm}$standard deviation. Results: 1. The evaluation of fusion images : In high energy $^{131}I$ cases, it was hard to grasp exact anatomical lesions due to difference between regions and surrounding lesions' uptake level. After combining with CT, we could grabs anatomical lesion more exactly. And in meckel's diverticulum case or to find lesions around bowels or organs with $^{111}In$ cases, it demonstrates its superiority. Bone SPECT/CT images help to distinguish between disk spaces certainly and give correct results. 2. The evaluation of attenuation correction: There is no significant difference statistically in Ant and Lat (p>0.05), but there is a meaningful difference in Inferior, Apex and Septum (p<0.05). AC perfusion at inferior wall in the 5 sections of myocardium: The perfusion difference between Non AC perfusion image ($68.58{\pm}7.55$) and CT corrected perfusion image ($76.84{\pm}6.52$) was the largest by $8.26{\pm}4.95$ (p<0.01, t=10.29). Conclusion: Nuclear medicine physicians can identify not only molecular image which shows functional activity of lesions but also anatomical location information of lesions with more accuracy using the combination of SPECT and CT systems. Of course this combination helps nuclear medicine physician find out the abnormal parts. Moreover combined data sets help separate between normal group and abnormal group in complicated body part. So clinicians can carry out diagnosis and treatment planning at the same time with a single test image. In addition, when we examine a myocardium in thorax where attenuation can occur easily, we can trust perfusion more in a certain region in SPECT test because CT provides the capability for accurate attenuation correction. In these reasons, we think we can prove the justice after treatment fusion image.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.117-122
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• 2008

Although the pulse diagnosis is the one of the most important diagnostic process to traditional medical doctors, there is no proper communication tool between experts and trainees. In this paper, we have developed a indentation training system which consists of a hardware measuring indent pressure on artificial arm quantitatively and a software providing a indentation training program. The hardware for measurement of indent pressure profile includes 3 load cells embedded in the artificial arm, signal amplification part and digitization part, NI-USB 6009 with 200Hz sampling rate. For setting up a relationship table between weights and output voltages, 8 standard weights were used. To evaluate this hardware, 3 oriental medical specialists were involved and their indent pressure profile were recorded three times respectively. From these, it was found that pulse diagnosis process could be divided into 3 periods and the maximum load were $500g{\cdot}f$ approximately while doctors perform a pulse diagnosis. The indentation training program was implemented with LabView and designed to monitor the differences between the pressure profile of a expert and that of a trainee so to offer some visual feedback to the trainee. Also, this program could provide the trends of training performances. With this developed system, the education of pulse diagnosis is expected to be more quantitative and effective.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.88-98
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• 2004

Objectives : The 3rd community health plan let health centers select and promote core projects considering budget and manpower. This study analyzed the content and selection processes of core projects, using the nationwide 3rd community health plans, to give relevant information on health center policies. Methods : Classification criteria for content analysis of core projects were established and verified through a literature review and by specialist discussions. Fifty plans were selected by stratified proportional random sampling for regional characteristics. And coding criteria standardized through coding repetition and discussion, by 2 persons (k>0.7). Using stratified proportional random sampling for 16 cities and provinces, regional characteristics, 117 plans were selected, and the contents of the core project selection processes and program contents analyzed. Results : The survey was used by 59.8 % of samples as a core project decision-making method. The partici- pants included 98.6, 81.4, 40 and 38.6% of the health staffs, residents, medical institutions, and administrators, respectively. Discussion was used by 15.4% of samples. The participants were health staffs by 100% as a great. The ranking of the frequencies of the selected core projects were, in order; chronic disease control, health promotion, elderly health, maternal-child health, and oral health at 16.4, 14.8, 14.3, 12.7 and 11.9%, respectively. Analyses on the chronic disease control and elderly health contents showed the diversity of object disease, high rates of visitors on patient detection programs, high rates of unclear target populations, and the provision of medical exams and treatments as the main services, with high variations in business per-formance. The national health budgets for health centers in 2003 were about 910 and 240 million won for chronic disease control and elderly health, respectively, which were less than for the other five priority core projects. Conclusions : The chronic disease control and elderly health at the health centers were not standardized for object disease, patient detection program, target population, service provision, and national support budget was insufficient. Thus it is necessary to develop standard guidelines, and increase financial support, for chronic disease control and elderly health

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.319-336
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• 1997

This study was done to identify the reality in doing the intradermal skin test of injectional antibiotics and to serve a basis to the clinical and educational situations. For the study, the survey was done to the staff nurses who are working at one of the selected 39 hospitals in the capital area, from January 6 to Feburary 8 in 1997. The data analysis was done by mean, standard deviation, Fisher's exact test, t-test, ANOVA through running SAS computer program. The results of the study were as follows : 1. The dilution ratio of the antibiotics was mostly 1 : 10 regardless of what kind of antibitics. Making the contrast was done only for the suspended to the antibiotics. Mostly the reaction was detected after 15 to 20 minutes from its diameter of redness and wheals. Most of the respondents answered they do the intradermal skin test only once for the same antibiotics. 2. In the education on the skin test the 66.7% from the respondents had exposed to the education mostly through the new nurses orientation. The 85,4% from them answered the need of the continuous education which had a significant difference in the number of beds(p=.046). The had experiences of detecting positive reactions(98.3%), and of anaphylaxis(49.5%) which had a significant difference in experience(p=.002) and in their age groups(p=.000). 3. The averge score of the confidence on the intradermal skin test was 3.32 form 4-point scale. Also it had a significant difference from the number of beds(p=.010), the year of experiences(p=.016), and their age groups(p=.046). 4. From the general characteristics of respondents, the injection methods had a significant difference in the amounts of injection, whether adopting the contrast pairing, and the repeatable skin tests for the same antibiotics. 5. Only 15 from 39 hospitals had their protocol about the intradermal skin test provided by nursing department which differs in its contents from that provided by the medical information center. From the results of the study, it is suggested that the continuous education on the intradermal skin test and its unified protocol should be provided. Also it is recomended that the drug manufacturer should notice about its anaphylactic cautions and pack its extra skin test use.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3123-3129
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• 2016

Background: Cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in Sabah Malaysia with a reported age-standardized incidence rate was 104.9 per 100,000 in 2007. The incidence rate depends on non-mandatory notification in the registry. Under-reporting will provide the false picture of cancer control program effectiveness. The present study was to evaluate the performance of the cancer registry system in terms of representativeness, data quality, simplicity, acceptability and timeliness and provision of recommendations for improvement. Materials and Methods: The evaluation was conducted among key informants in the National Cancer Registry (NCR) and reporting facilities from Feb-May 2012 and was based on US CDC guidelines. Representativeness was assessed by matching cancer case in the Health Information System (HIS) and state pathology records with those in NCR. Data quality was measured through case finding and re-abstracting of medical records by independent auditors. The re-abstracting portion comprised 15 data items. Self-administered questionnaires were used to assess simplicity and acceptability. Timeliness was measured from date of diagnosis to date of notification received and data dissemination. Results: Of 4613 cancer cases reported in HIS, 83.3% were matched with cancer registry. In the state pathology centre, 99.8% was notified to registry. Duplication of notification was 3%. Data completeness calculated for 104 samples was 63.4%. Registrars perceived simplicity in coding diagnosis as moderate. Notification process was moderately acceptable. Median duration of interval 1 was 5.7 months. Conclusions: The performances of registry's attributes are fairly positive in terms of simplicity, case reporting sensitivity, and predictive value positive. It is moderately acceptable, data completeness and inflexible. The usefulness of registry is the area of concern to achieve registry objectives. Timeliness of reporting is within international standard, whereas timeliness to data dissemination was longer up to 4 years. Integration between existing HIS and national registration department will improve data quality.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2010

We developed an analysis software that automatically detects incoming isotopes for multi-purpose gamma-ray detectors. The software is divided into three major parts; Network Interface Module (NIM), Spectrum Analysis Module (SAM), and Graphic User Interface Module (GUIM). The main part is SAM that extracts peak information of energy spectrum from the collected data through network and identifies the isotopes by comparing the peaks with pre-calibrated libraries. The proposed peak detection algorithm was utilized to construct libraries of standard isotopes with two peaks and to identify the unknown isotope with the constructed libraries. We tested the software by using GammaPro1410 detector developed by NuCare Medical Systems. The results showed that NIM performed 200K counts per seconds and the most isotopes tested were correctly recognized within 1% error range when only a single unknown isotope was used for detection test. The software is expected to be used for radiation monitoring in various applications such as hospitals, power plants, and research facilities etc.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.451-458
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• 2009

Purpose: Optical molecular luminescence imaging is widely used for detection and imaging of bio-photons emitted by luminescent luciferase activation. The measured photons in this method provide the degree of molecular alteration or cell numbers with the advantage of high signal-to-noise ratio. To extract useful information from the measured results, the analysis based on a proper quantification method is necessary. In this research, we propose a quantification method presenting linear response of measured light signal to measurement time. Materials and Methods: We detected the luminescence signal by using lab-made optical imaging equipment of animal light imaging system (ALIS) and different two kinds of light sources. One is three bacterial light-emitting sources containing different number of bacteria. The other is three different non-bacterial light sources emitting very weak light. By using the concept of the candela and the flux, we could derive simplified linear quantification formula. After experimentally measuring light intensity, the data was processed with the proposed quantification function. Results: We could obtain linear response of photon counts to measurement time by applying the pre-determined quantification function. The ratio of the re-calculated photon counts and measurement time present a constant value although different light source was applied. Conclusion: The quantification function for linear response could be applicable to the standard quantification process. The proposed method could be used for the exact quantitative analysis in various light imaging equipments with presenting linear response behavior of constant light emitting sources to measurement time.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.215-219
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• 2004

Due to their excellence for the high-energy therapy range of photon beams, researchers show increasing interest in applying MOSFET dosimeters to low- and medium-energy applications. In this energy range, however, MOSFET dosimeter is complicated by the fact that the interaction probability of photons shows significant dependence on the atomic number, Z, due to photoelectric effect. The objective of this study is to develop a very detailed 3-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation model of a MOSFET dosimeter for radiological characterizations and calibrations. The sensitive volume of the High-Sensitivity MOSFET dosimeter is very thin (1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and the standard MCNP tallies do not accurately determine absorbed dose to the sensitive volume. Therefore, we need to score the energy deposition directly from electrons. The developed model was then used to study various radiological characteristics of the MOSFET dosimeter. the energy dependence was quantified for the energy range 15 keV to 6 MeV; finding maximum dependence of 6.6 at about 40 keV. A commercial computer code, Sabrina, was used to read the particle track information from an MCNP simulation and count the tracks of simulated electrons. The MOSFET dosimeter estimated the calibration factor by 1.16 when the dosimeter was at 15 cm depth in tissue phantom for 662 keV incident photons. Our results showed that the MOSFET dosimeter estimated by 1.11 for 1.25 MeV photons for the same condition.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.278-287
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to provide with basic information on application of hand acupuncture as a complementary and alternative therapy by giving some recognition of efficiency and effectiveness of hand acupuncture. And so, answers for questionnaires of 290 respondents were used for this research and collected from June 5 through 13, 1999 from adults twenty and over who were participating in the hand acupuncture training program in Seoul and had some direct experiences with hand acupuncture therapy, whatever they had been treated and/or had treated. To secure reliability of measurement tool. Cronbach'a has been calculated and Factor Analysis was done as Validity Analysis of question classification. Demograprucal characteristics of hand acupuncture experienced people and factors related to hand acupuncture experiences are calculated based on the real number and percentage. The degree of recognition of efficiency and effectiveness of hand acupuncture is made as average and standard deviation, while the degree of recognition of efficiency and effectiveness based on general characteristics come from one-way ANOVA. 1. According to socio-demographical analysis. the questioned could be classified firstly as age (40-49 : 32.5%. 30-39 : 24.9%. 50-59 : 21.9%. 60-69 : 14.7%. 20-29 : 6.0%). secondly gender (male 36.6%. female 63.4%). thirdly occupation (housewife: 43.8%. self-employed: 15.5%. company-employee: 14.8%). fourthly education (high school graduate: 41.9%, college graduate: 37.9%), and lastly monthly-income (1 to 2 million: 51.4%. 2 to 3 million: 20,3%) 2, As for the general aspects related to hand acupuncture. 80,0% of the respondents answered almost zero for the monthly average number of visit to hospital and 15.5% responded 1 to 2 visits, 6,2% of the respondents is complaining of a disorder of digestive system. 19,0% circulatory disease, 10.7% bad nervous system. By utilizing hand acupuncture, 84% of the questioned have following experiences in curing diseases: digestive system 47.3%, circulatory system 9.3%, nervous system 8.3%, 54,1% are curing 1 to 2 and 10.3% 3 to 4 patients on a daily basis with hand acupuncture. Research on the demerits of giving medical treatment with hand acupuncture shows 23,8% are feeling economic burden. 16.6% difficulty of learning and 16.2% weak theoretical backgrounds. 3. Among the efficiency recognition, possibility of general application is average 4,29 and simple treatment is 4,19. economic merits 4.36. possibility of establishment with supplementary and alternative medicine 4.17, medical effectiveness 4.09. 4, As a result of demographical analysis on the efficiency and effectiveness of hand acupuncture therapy, it appears that the recognition of efficiency based on occupation and the recognition of effectiveness based on monthly income are most significant to be noticed. In an orderly fashion. government-employee, self-employed, company-employee. and then housewife have perceived hand acupuncture very efficiently, And those who recognize hand acupuncture to be most effective are people earn 1 million to 2 million won a month, 5. The efficiency(p = .003) and effectiveness (p= .049) of hand acupuncture therapy by number of visit to hospital were statiscally significant, and effectiveness of hand acupuncture therapy by disease exist was statiscally significant (p= .033).

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.634-644
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• 2021

Despite the increased social demand for strengthening the punishment for ghost surgery in Korea, the governmental management is very passive compared to other offenses of medical law, and the punishment for ghost surgery is insufficient, so that medical malpractices are continuously occurring. A plastic surgeon who posted the names of clinics performing ghost surgery and the number of deaths on the internet bulletin board, was charged with the violation of the Information Telecommunication Act(defamation). Thus, this study aimed to present the legal/institutional issues and implications of defamation by the release of ghost surgery, by initially examining the charged case after posting the contents showing the death of patients by ghost surgery in clinics on the internet bulletin board. This study aimed to understand how strictly the court approached the ghost surgery in the aspect of public interest, and also to understand the judgment standard of punishment for defamation by investigating the publicly alleging facts and public interest by the disclosure of ghost surgery. Moreover, this study aims to provide the basic data necessary for guaranteeing the national health right by arousing attention to ghost surgery.